Privacy and HIV Essay Example for Free

Privacy and human immunodeficiency virus EssayI. IntroductionThe wellness Insurance Portability and ripe Act (HIPAA) was enacted on August 21, 1996. It was primarily designed to protect the privacy, confidentiality, and security of health schooling. The Privacy Rule, which took cause in 2003, regulates the use and/or disclosure of protected health information. The information contained within this paper, regarding human immunodeficiency virus long-suffering privacy, will discuss the subjects of the HIPAA and Privacy Rule. This paper will similarly discuss diligent cargon and nears.II. reclaims of unhurried ofs Right to Life and Right to PrivacyM either human immunodeficiency virus clinicians, both national and international, adhere to a Patient Bill of Rights that list the general properlys that an HIV patient of has, in regards to their give-and-take and privacy. Included in this section, ar the basic 17 to the highest degree important rights. Also included, as part of the Patient Bill of Rights, argon 10 of the most important responsibilities of an HIV patient (Wilder, 2000).First, an HIV patient has the right to take noteful premeditation, disembarrass from discrimination of any kind, including sources of payments. Second, an HIV patient has the right to investigate anything regarding any diagnosis or treatment they capture sop upd or will receive. Many clinicians often suggest that patients should conduct their own research so that they may better take any events taking place (Wilder, 2000).Third, an HIV patient has the right to know exactly who is involved in their medical address, at every level. This includes students, trainees, and volunteers as well as doctors and nurses. Fourth, an HIV patient has the right to be involved in the establishment of their business. An HIV patient has the right to refuse any treatment that may be recommended (Wilder, 2000).Fifth, an HIV patient has the right to privacy. This is maven of the most important rights. Sixth, under the right to privacy, an HIV patient has the right to jade that either records and any communication, scripted or verbal, are confidential, except in abuse cases. Seventh, an HIV patient has the right to examine and receive copies of their medical records (Wilder, 2000).Eighth, an HIV patient has the right to assume that any advance directive they may have will be respected by any medical staff involved in their care. Ninth, an HIV patient has the right to timely notification of changes regarding billing. This also applies to changes in service fees (Wilder, 2000).Tenth, an HIV patient has the right to an adequate amount of time allotted during medical visits for discussion and questions. Eleventh, an HIV patient has the right to assume that any medical staff involved in their care will take all needful precautions. This can be used two ways precaution against infection from HIV and precaution against infecting an HIV patient with other(a) ill nesses (Wilder, 2000).Twelfth, an HIV patient has the right to make complaints or ask questions about their care. They also have the right to expect a quick response to such complaints or questions. Thirteenth, an HIV patient has the right to assume that any medical staff involved in their care will let the best health care possible. If a referral to other medical facilities is necessary, such as a referral to other medical facilities is necessary, such as a referral to an oncologist to treat an opportunistic cancer, the patient has the right to be certified of the disadvantages, as well as other alternatives (Wilder, 2000).Fourteenth, an HIV patient has the right to inquire about any third party relationships the medical facility has that could have an influence treatment. Fifteenth, an HIV patient has the right to cognizant alternatives to treatments if a current treatment fails to have an effect. This also applies to treatments that are still being discussed as a possibility ( Wilder, 2000).Sixteenth, an HIV patient has the right to expect assistance to help with any handicaps that cause barriers. This includes language, culture, physical, and communication. Finally, an HIV patient has the right to timely visits with medical staff. If a delay occurs, an HIV patient has the right to an commentary and apology (Wilder, 2000).The HIV patients responsibilities are not quite as detailed as the Bill of Rights, but coincide. harmonize to Wilder (2000), at that place are 10 main responsibilities an HIV patient has1) Provide medical staff with accurate information when possible. Also, an HIV patient is expected to understand what situation they play in their own treatment.2) An HIV patient must take care of financial obligations as soon as possible.3) An HIV patient must be considerate of other patients and staff, and also respect facility property.4) An HIV patient must understand that both medicine and humans have limitations, and are not perfect. There are al ways risks to consider and discuss with physicians.5) An HIV patient must understand that the medical staff also has other patients under their care. They have to divide their time and services as equally and efficiently as possible.6) An HIV patient must understand as much as possible about their health insurance policy plan.7) An HIV patient has the responsibility to report suspicions of fraud or illegal activity to the proper authorities.8) An HIV patient must keep all appointment. Whenever possible, an HIV patient must promulgate the medical staff if an appointment cannot be kept.9) An HIV patient has the responsibility to notify medical staff immediately, if health conditions or medical care situations change.III. HIPAA Privacy RuleThe HIPAA Privacy Rule, enacted on April 14, 2003, was designed to establish regulations regarding the use and disclosure of protected Health Information (PHI). This includes health status, health care payments, or any provisions for health care. The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) is responsible for enforcement of the Privacy Rule, by emergence compliance activities or monetary penalty fees against violations. In simple terms, the Privacy Rule is meant to protect a patients medical history, in its entirety, including payment histories, from being disclosed by cover entities. According to the OCR (2003), covered entities are defined as health plans, health care clearinghouses, and any health care provider who uses an electronic means to transmit health information related to transactions.Health plans are one group of covered entities. Health plans include health maintenance organizations (HMOs), Medicare, Medicaid, Medicare supplement issuers, Medicare + Choice, long-term care insurers, and health, dental, vision, and ethical drug drug insurers. Health plans also include government, church, and employer sponsored health plans, and multi-employer health plans (OCR, 2003).Although they are few in number, there are exceptions i n covered entities. Insurance companies that only provide automobile insurance, workers compensation, and casualty and property insurance are exceptions. In addition, group health plans with less than 50 members that is employer-administered and maintained is also an exception (OCR, 2003).Health care providers, regardless of their size, are a covered entity if it uses electronic transaction transmission. These transactions include referral authorizations and claims. However, an electronic transmission has to be connected to a standard transaction. The Privacy Rule covers these providers even if they use an immaterial service to handle electronic transactions. Health care providers include all providers of services, such as hospitals, and all providers of any medical and health services, such as dentists, physicians, and optometrists (OCR, 2003).Health acre clearinghouses are another group of covered entities. These groups process nonstandard information they receive from another en tity into a standard (i.e., standard format or data content), or vice versa (OCR, 2003). Health care clearinghouses only receive specific health information that can be used to identify someone, when processing information to a health care provider or health plan as a business associate. Health care clearinghouses include health management information systems, billing services, and repricing companies (OCR, 2003).The Privacy Rule protects all individually identifiable health information, called Protected Health Information (PHI). Identifiable information includes any data related to a patients physical or mental health, provisions of health care to the patient, and any payments made for health care provided to the patient. This information usually includes a patients social security number, address, name, age, and birthdate.

Financial Analysis of Ryanair and British Airways

Financial Analysis of Ryan blood line and British AirwaysFinancial analytic thinkingThe purpose of monetary depth psychology is to determine the financial health of a task. Generally, this analysis is performed by the professionals who prep ar reports using the proportions taken from non-homogeneous financial reports. The financial dimensions calculate are also helpful to compare with different bank line. The fol outseting analysis studies the four major financial positions of BA and Ryan assembly lineProfitability,Efficiency,Liquidity andFinancial gearing.ProfitabilityIt is the primary close for any parentage, without this the business arsenot be projected in unyielding run. The purpose of measuring moolahability is the account contribution for success of business. The ratios which are used to evaluate profitability are listed belowReturn on unremarkable shareholders funds (ROSF)Return on dandy apply (ROCE) remuneration profit borderline unprocessed profit margin. ROSFIt compares the amount of profit for the check available to the owners average stake in the business during that same compass point. The ratio is expressed below ROSF = (Net profit after taxation and preference dividend (if any) / ordinary share cap +reserves) 100The Ratios work out for BA Ryan glory are shown belowFrom the above parry, it is all the way seen that BA fosters are inconsistent but whereas Ryan channelise tends to show purifyment every category which gives more(prenominal) profits to the shareholders. From the definition we sight say that the high ROSF %, the more profit available to shareholders.The grade 2011 considered to be good for both credit linelines BA and Ryan air, since they are making huge profits and improved r veri flurry(a)ues compared to their previous course of study performance. As a take, their ROSF had risen to 26% 11.34% which resulting high profits to the shareholders.This scenario has changed completely when it comes to 20 12 for BA. If their investors left their bills in bank, they could have got some positive returns. just now instead BA returned (3.6%) to their investors. Though its revenue is increase by 8% and useable cost by 11% it continued to show appreciable direct results. However, due to exceptional costs items like expense related to pensions, BMIs acquisition affected the BA economy. On the new(prenominal) hand, Ryan air returned 16.11% which is higher than previous year to the shareholders. This is because Ryan air revenue change magnitude by 25% and profit by 50% approximately compared to 2011. (According to one-year report 2012).Though its operating costs are change magnitude due to ( enkindle price rise) it managed to balance that by increasing riders fares of about 15%.In 2013, BA has raised from loss of (3.6) % to 10.78%. This is because of order attains the profit from exceptional items (57m) and IAG voice of BA contributed (265m) and also revenue flush by 5.5%. Thoug h inconsistent in fuel prices affects their operational costs which is almost 0.3% of their total operational costs. But BA managed to stabilise it by non-fuel costs which has risen in 2012. Whereas Ryan air revenue increased by 13% which is less compared to 2012 change. Since its a low cost carrier it should maintain passenger fare as low as possible in order to compete with its rivals but, inconsistency in fuel prices had raised their operational costs by 45% and passenger fare by 6%. At the end connection operated in profits and returned 17.35% to the shareholders.Based on ROSF results, we whoremonger say that Ryan air has performed well free burningly in three consecutive years period by swelled profits to its shareholders but BA shown some ups and downs in its results. Further ratios give give us more idea why the residue has been evolved in their performance.ROCE (Return on corking employed)It is a fundamental measure of business performance. ROCE is defined as the rat io of net operating profit to the swell employed. Capital employed is the difference b/w total assets and flow liabilities. The ratio is expressed belowROCE = (NET PROFIT BEFORE tax income / CAPITAL EMPLOYED) 100The ratios calculated for BA and Ryan air is shown belowThe above instrument panel describes the ROCE of a ships company for a period 2011-2013. From the definition we can state that higher the value of ROSE is indicating that the company c generates more earnings per dollar of capital employed. It enables us to analyse and compare BA and Ryan air without the impress of tax. It also considered the long-term debt as a part of capital, which is not the case of ROSF.Thus this ratio reveals how BA and Ryan air economized on its overall capital.In 2011, BA performed well by giving a positive result due to increased revenue in 2011 from premium travel passengers. But the performance is shrined in 2012 due to rise in operational costs and loss of 41m on exceptional items and also 66m due to federation with IAG. Due to this it had shown negative result in 2012. But in 2013, it again rises to 4.11% from (1.86%) because of the factors explained in ROSF.Ryan air has shown continuous improvement for three old age. In 2011 its profit increased by 26% and carefully reconciliation the fuel costs and operating costs. For the other two years also it continuous to shown good result even though operating cost rise to 45%. Thus, we can say from ROCE ratios Ryan air performed much crack than BA. The gross-profit margin is studied below to measure the profitability.GROSS PROFIT MARGINIt is a key financial factor that asses the profitability of a company core activities excluding fixed cost. Gross profit represents the difference b/w trades revenue and the cost of sales. The ratio is represented by gross profit to the sales revenue generated for the same period. It is a given by the formula shown belowGross profit margin = (gross profit/sales revenue) 100Gross profit margin ratios of BA and Ryan air is shown belowIt can be seen from above table that Ryan air performed well compared to BA. Though the set over three years slightly fluctuate but they were generating good profitability by improving their sales and proper balancing and control of fuel costs which has almost rise to 38% in 2013. Similarly airport charges and other operational costs were stabilised to make airline in profitable condition.On other hand, BA also performed well except for the year 2012.in which its fuel costs rise by 14 %, nutrition by 15% and operating lease costs by 34%. Due to this they showed lower determine. But by gaining proper control over the above costs mentioned they started to improve their profitability by 2013. instantly net profit margin is studied in order to see whether the airline is able to improve its profitability.NET PROFIT MARGINIt is the defined as the ratio b/w net profit before tax to the sales revenue. It also measures how much each o f dollar earned by the company is translated into profits. If the value is low it indicates low margin of safety and higher risk that the sales decline will erase profits and lead to net loss. It is given by the formula as shown belowNet profit margin = (profit before tax / sales revenue) 100Net profit margin ratios for BA and Ryan air shown belowThe above table depicts us Ryan air is operating much better than BA. From annual reports it is known that BA invested much money for long-term asset. Hence, their net profit margins are quite low in these three years. In 2011, it invested in IAG, bought BMI at 172.5m in 2012 and from 2011 its investing 5 gazillion every year for new fleet and up gradation of fleet and other.in 2011 it opened T5 which will be home to A380 fleet from 2013. On the other hand, Ryan air net profit margins are high since its investments for long term assets are low compared to BA. Ryan air continuously invest to buy new a/cs hence its the agent that it has yo ungest fleet of planes in the world. In 2013 it decided to buy clxxv new Boeing 737-800 a/c which will be a long term asset for the Ryan air to transport more no. of passengers.In culture to the analysis of BA and Ryan air, profitability is measured by using various ratios. The results are fluctuated for BA whereas Ryan air tends to show improvement year by year from 2011-13. Both BA and Ryan air increased their revenues, gained some control over operational costs on the analysis and deliver positive returns except for the year 2012 for BA.EFFICIENCYThe efficiency ratios measure the efficiency in which various resources are managed and used in the business. The following ratios are used to evaluate the efficiency of the business middling settlement period for receivablesAverage settlement period for payablesSales revenue to capital employedSales revenue per employeeAverage settlement period for ReceivablesA business will usually be interested with how long it takes for customers t o pay the amounts owing. The efficient and timely pick upion of customer debts is a vital part of cash flow management. So this is the ratio which is very closely watched in many businesses. It is given by the formula as shown belowAvg.settlement period for receivables = (Trade receivables/sales revenue) 365.The ratios calculated for BA and Ryan air shown below tableThe values in above table depict the average number of years used to collect its revenue from debtors. Both BA and Ryan air has got appreciable shorter period to collect their revenue. In the analysis period from 2011- 13, BA managed to get back his revenue from receivables by an average of 17 days with slightly increased in 2013 compared to 2011. When it comes to Ryan air it has got very shorter period of an average of 5 days. From the table it is distinctly seen that debtor days have fallen which means business is converting credit sales into cash much quicker than BA. This shorter period certainly asset for Ryan ai r fluidity.Average settlement period for payablesThe average settlement period for payables measures how long, on average, the business takes to pay its trade payables. The ratio is calculated by a formula shown belowAverage settlement period for payables = (trade payables/credit purchases) 365The ratios calculated for creditors as shown belowSales revenue to capital employedThis ratio examines how effectively the assets of the business are being used to generate sales revenue. Greater the value represents higher productivity. The ratio is calculated by a formula shown belowSales revenue to capital employed= (sales revenue/ (total assets-current liabilities))The ratios are calculated for BA and Ryan air as shown belowFrom the table it is clearly seen that both BA and Ryan air have utilised their assets properly to improve their productivity and hence it is the reason their values of productivity rising over past three years. The values of Ryan air is small compared to BA because Rya n air revenue is almost half of BAs total revenue. At last disdain of their company size both are making use of their assets properly.Sales revenue per employeeIt is the ratio relates sale revenue generated to a particular business resource, which is labour. Higher the value indicates greater staff efficiency. Its ratio is calculated by a formula shown belowSales revenue per employee = (sales revenue / number of employees)The ratio calculated for BA and Ryan air shown belowThe above tables describes about sales revenue per employee. Both companies uses different currency so for better analysis BA revenue is converted to euros according to exchange rate in that periods. The values clearly states that Ryan air is more labour productive than BA and other fact is find from table is that two companies increasing their efficiency over the analysis period 2011-2013.LIQUIDITYThese ratios are concerned with the ability of the business to meet its short-term financial obligations. Higher th e ratio, the more perspicuous the business is considered to be, since fluidness is vital to the survival of a business. Liquidity is measured by the following ratios shown belowCurrent ratioAcid test ratio.Current ratioIt is defined as the ratio b/w liquid assets to the current liabilities. A higher current ratio is preferable to a normal one since liquidity is vital part in business. It is given by the formula as shownCurrent Ratio = (current assets/ current liabilities)The current ratio values for BA and Ryan air shown belowValues in above table clearly depict that BA current ratio values over three years On the other hand, Ryan air maintained its current ratio values 1 throughout analysis period in which it properly balanced short-term assets over liabilities and has got more liquidity compared to BA. In 2013 Ryan air current ratio value is decreased compared to 2012 because it has decided to buy 175 new Boeing 737 planes over next five years. Overall, Ryan air liquidity is bet ter than BA.Acid-test ratioThis is an indicator that determines whether a company has enough short-term assets to dorsum immediate liabilities without selling inventory. This ratio is more reliable compared to current ratio because it doesnt include inventory. This is given by a formula as shown belowAcid-test ratio=current assets / current liabilities. (Excludes inventories in current assets)The values for BA and Ryan are shown belowFrom the table it is seen that BA values during analysis period is 1.so, this ratio indicates that company experiencing good growth, fastly converting receivables into cash and also it can also overcome its financial obligations without depending on inventories.In conclusion to the analysis of BA and Ryan air, liquidity is measured by using various ratios. The results are fluctuated for BA whereas Ryan air tends to show improvement year by year from 2011-13. Ryan air has got more liquidity compared to BA and it can easily overcome its financial obliga tions.3.4 Financial GearingIt is the relationship b/w the contribution to support made by the owners of the business and the amount contributed by others in form of loans. A business direct of gearing is an important factor accessing risk. Gearing takes place of owners insufficient funds. Any business borrowing money from others agrees to pay interests if the borrowing is heavy then this can be significant financial burden to the company. The ratios used to measure gearing are shown belowGearing ratioInterest cover ratio.Gearing ratioIt is defined as ratio b/w long-term lenders to the long-term capital structure of a business. It is given by a formula as shownGearing ratio = (non-current liabilities/capital employed)The gearing ratios for BA and Ryan air calculated belowThe values from table states that both companies are super geared businesses since their gearing ratios 50%. Both the companies have high shares of long-term debt in their long-term capital structure. So both com panies are subjected to financial risk. Ryan air tends to decrease its debts during analysed period which can be seen from the table by controlling their operational costs effectively during analysed period. Whereas, BA managed to decrease their debts with some fluctuations in values which can be observed from the years 2011-2013.so, a cash flow which is strong and reliable can handle high gearing effectively compared to cash flow which is unreliable .

The Importance Of Safety In The Workplace Construction Essay

The Importance Of caoutchouc In The Workplace Construction EssaySafety, wellness and surroundings be fundamental thing in our surviveplace. This is the top priority in e truly workplace. Something must(prenominal) pauperisation to be through to encourage employees, employer and industries to put safety, health and purlieu at the top of their agenda. The to the highest degree grievous thing is our commitment in taking the action and our commitment to retire suitable changes to undertake that safety, health and environment is forefront of everyones thinking. Thus, the objective of this topic is to know how engineers butt joint contribute in the ken of safety, health and environment. In addition, an engineer withal must al slipway go by abreast with development in outrank to be a successful engineer in all aspects.II.METHODOLOGYMethodology consumptiond in preparing the report (do the work) are do research on the selected titles, collecting the data, interpreting the d ata, and finding the suitable teddy of study as the example.III.DISCUSSIONThis part of report will discuss about the theory, concept and explanation on contributions of engineer in safety, health and environment. The ethics on safetyWe were likewise discussing the ways of an engineer slew turn back abreast with the development of technologies without confining any another(prenominal) discipline.i.Contribution in safetySafety is priority thing in workplace. We motive to figure that safety in workplace because to minimize the peril of accident occur 1. Every employee has their own role to make sure that nothing happened when doing the task. When something occurs, the companies need to use a lot of currency either in new figure of speech or pay the money to the victims.There are many ways how to contribute knowingness in safety. One of them is engineer need to participate in design accede 2. With this way, engineer will know the problem in their design. conundrum in the de sign will be found during the testing design. With this testing design, engineer can clear or upgrade their design. Other than that, enforcement snag should be carried out continuously. In order to prevent histrions from tell their false, they need to be penalized. If it involves serious case, they need to be charge in court. However, some people state that this is not proper way to encourage them to become a good worker. Serious enforcement and inspection has to be made especially for high rise projects. This is to ensure that all workers ensure that the equipment and structures at workplace would not pose a danger to the workers themselves and the public. Perhaps in the future, the authorities would ready the right to penalize workers who endure safety and health guidelines at a workplace. Another suggestion is the ministry could also cut the names of engineers, detail of their projects and their track records in meeting safety guidelines.Training and education are also imp ortant to organize worker. With training and education not exactly reduce the accident also reduce the cost and part with life. A study by Toole (2002) had found that if workers do not have proper training on safety, they may not be able to recognize potential hazards at a site.The workers also need to sit for a basic accomplishments test written examination on safety. This exam carried out to chance the competency level of new workers on their knowledge and sensation. At Singapore, governance of Singapore has introduced a skill test to expression workers in the country. Workers who passed the examination would be awarded with skill evaluation certificate. But Malaysian government still did not use this approach. Maybe in the next future, it can be used to outgrowth the safety in Malaysias industry.The main problem with the safety issues is the attitude of the worker. They need to change their behavior in order to prevent accident occur to them. Some workers did not expose with the environment of workplace. So, they need to cipher programs that teach them how to contribute awareness in safety.Last but not least, commitments of management also important in adopting safe work at workplace. Nothing happened if only the workers take part in awareness of safety. Management need to prepare a safety workplace like prepare a fervidness hole in building and also put a poster about safety in building.ii. Contribution in HealthThere are many ways to contribute awareness in health. Actually, we can take ways from awareness in safety as contribution awareness in health. One of the ways to contribute awareness in health is a change in occasion mindset. Some designers always think their design without thinking others prospects. They just think their design can publish or not. This is bad attitude because they not think about the others.Other than that, motivate the designer also one of important way of contribution of awareness in health. Many designers need incen tives beyond the benefits to worker safety and health, in order to wholeheartedly embrace the pull. Other potential sources of motivation and incentive admit the design contract, market forces, knowledge of potential cost savings, professional codes of ethics, building codes, standard design practice, and legislative actions much(prenominal) as regulations that clearly recognize a safety role for designers.Designers also need have high knowledge. The lack of safety and health knowledge among designers should be addressed by providing training on safety health-related topics during the designers formal education and continuing professional development. Alternative designs that enhance safety and health must be collected and made available for reference. Also, designers need practical guidelines for addressing safety amid the complex array of design processes and regulations they encounter in their work.Constructor involvement also plays the important role in contribution awareness in health and safety. Constructors and construction workers can help designers recognize potential construction safety hazards and account a facilitys permanent design features that could be modified to minimize such hazards.iii.Contribution to EnvironmentNowadays, environmental trade protection has becomes significant issues. In order to increase the awareness in this problem, Environmental Ethics have been introduced in purpose to develop roots of environmental movement and to understand the responsibility to the environment 1.Engineers lead in the creation of solutions for the problems caused by current technologies. Thus, engineers play important roles in protecting environment. Environments protection is needed in order to protect the integrity of biosphere, to control dangerous and unnatural substances and lastly to provides a healthy environment for human race beings 1.One of the important contributions of engineer to environmental issue is working to find solutions to th e problems caused by the advanced technology. The skills and knowledge of an engineer is needed to help to protect the environment and this duty is one of the engineering codes of ethics.The care about the environment has grown thus when growth a new technology, engineers should ensure designed increase does not affect the environment. The product that has been produced must have the least effect to the environment. For examples, many of the products nowadays are recyclable and can be reused thus this can save the source of our nature.To make sure the environment is protected and be taking care with the development of technologies, environmental code of ethics should be practice by all engineers. Professional codes of ethics already told us the safety of people and environment to be of paramount importance. This statement clearly states that engineer do have responsibility to ensure their work done in the most environmentally safe manner 1. In reality, there might be complexity on these issues such as conflict between employers desires and the employee. When an employer suggest on project that ethically equipment casualty and gave a big impact on environment, an engineer have the right to express his opinion on moral issues regarding environment. In this case, both professional and personal ethics can be used as the guidelines in making a decision.Basically, an engineer needs to make a decision in the arena which he competent. Thus, for many environmental issues, engineers should seek for counsel who have better knowledge in environments polity in order to help analyze and to understand the possible consequences of a project done to the environment. Engineers also can corporate with biologists or public health experts when developing a new project in order to ensure the project conducted in the most environmental manner.Sustainable Design is widely been serious in most development countries in this world. It is also known as Green Engineering in some countries. Sustainable Development is the challenge of meeting human needed in many sports stadiums possible in natural resources, industrial products, energy, food, transportation and effective waste management 4. This concept also keep and protected environmental quality and the natural resource base essential for future development 4. This is to ensure that engineer products design does not harm the environment. By using this Green Engineering Principles, an engineer can help to maintain the integrity of the environment and most importantly to make sure that quality of human life can be sustained.iv. Way to keep abreast with the development of technologyIn this scientific era, an engineer must go ahead and keep abreast with the new development. One way to keep abreast with the development of technology is to attend the professional convocation or seminar. Usually in the conference all engineer from various field are pleasantly presenting their new research and projects.Globa lization is trending in world right now. It is a term that describes the global actions toward economy, politic, technology and society needed which makes national boundaries is slight important. Globalization is changing the way of our lives either on a personal basis or neighborly relationship. Engineers should take advantages on globalization as it is a world without boundaries. The effects of globalization includes such as the emergence of worldwide production markets, expanded level of trades and the development of global telecommunications system which allow engineers to work in any places in the world while keep in contact in the other part of the world.The rapidly changing skill requirements and knowledge in the engineering profession are important challenges to engineer. Thus, lifelong learning is a way for individual engineers to keep abreast with the new fundamentals. Merely take notes on the new development and takes training on the latest technology are good ways to k eep in the right track of the current developments.It is noticeable that an engineer should make decision only in the area which he is competent. Thus, in developing new project, all engineers in various area should cooperates and work together to ensure the project done have good impacts to society. Cooperation of all engineers can keep them abreast with the current technologies that been produced and make them aware of the new products that will be produced.v. Case Study on Clean weewee The Professional Engineers Contribution to HealthIn 1848, after a second eructation of cholera again due to polluted drinking pissing in Glasgow, Scotland, UK, a water put up system was suggested to overcome the growing health problem5.Five years later, nates Fredrick Bateman, a civil engineer, cerebrate his study to find the best potential source for Glasgow, recommending the high-quality water of Loch Katrine.The resulting supply system took three and fractional years to complete and invol ved the construction of a dam on the loch, 42km of aqueduct, a similar distance of trunk mains, 74km of distribution pipes and the Mugdock storage reservoir at Milngavie.Over 140 years later, changes to European and UK water quality standards, particularly in respect of disinfectant by-products and micro-organisms such as Cryptosporidia, formed the main driver behind the new water treatment plant.In 2003, the main contractor, MJ Gleeson was appointed to manage the design and construction of the new Loch Katrine Water Works. The design of the new treatment works involved over 100 skilful staffs from 25 different disciplines. Disciplines involved included are civil engineering, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, environmental consultants, cost consultants etc.In addition, due to the Katrine is a famous tourism spot, environmental factors were considered for the construction. In order to minimize the visual and landscape impacts of the project, the plant is partially sunk into ground while open uncovered areas have been given a natural stone finish and service reservoir has a green roof 5. The sludge system was moved into the sewer system on the other side of the site, which prevented developing a separate on-site sludge treatment plant.To summarize, the original works was for transporting water form Loch Katrine to Glasgow with very little in the way of treatment. The fundamental function of the new works is treatment. Both are keen examples of outstanding professional engineering.IV.CONCLUSIONAs the conclusion, engineers have the responsibility to concern on health, safety and environment issues for their design and workplace. In order to overcome new threat, they also need to keep updated with new technology such that they can contribute more in improving the life of mankind.V.REFERENCES1 Charles B. Fleddermann, Engineering Ethics, E Source scholar Hall 3rd Edition.2 Engr. Mohd Khairolden Ghani, Grad. IEM, Engr. Dr. Zuh airi Abd. Hamid, MIEM, PEng, Engr. Maria Zura Mohd Zain, Grad.IEM, Engr. Ahmad Hazim Abdul Rahim, Grad. IEM,Engr. Kamarul Anuar Mohamad Kamar, Grad. IEM, Muhammed Asraff Abdul RahmanConstruction Research Institute of Malaysia (CREAM) CIDB Malaysia, Safety Malaysian Construction The Challengenges and Initiatives3 John Gambatese, Jimmie Hinze, Michael Behm ,Oregon State University, University of Florida, East Carolina University(May 2005), Investigation of the Viability of Designing for Safety4 National Society of Professional Engineers, United States5 Katrine Water Treatment Project, Glasgow, United Kingdom. Retrieved Oct 4, 2010, fromhttp//www.watertechnology.net/projects/katrine

An Overview Of Life Satisfaction Literatures Social Work Essay

An Overview Of Life Satisfaction Literatures genial die EssayThis chapter begins with literatures about flavour blessedness and important somebodyal and situational soothsayers of purport story expiation in h unityst-to-god persons, then in order to generate a theoretical background for this study attempt to limit the wet to important comp whizznts of morphological and functional embolden. The next portion forgeting focus on the slipway in which monu cordial personal and situational characteristics might affect on morphological and functional comp mavinnts. The focus will then shift to the effect of structural and functional comp adeptnts particularally on liveness felicity. And finally specific theories and models that make been proposed to explain the role of structural and functional comp cardinalnts in the liveness satisfaction of senior(a) adults will be addressed.Over the past few long time, the worlds creation has continued on its remarkable transiti on from a state of high(prenominal) birth and shoemakers last rates to one characterized by low birth and death rates. At the heart of this transition has been the growth in the modus operandi and proportion of older persons. Such a rapid, large, and ubiquitous growth has never been seen in the autobiography of civilization (Norman Henderson, 2003). when the older population will be nearly 2 billion, surpassing the population of children for the jump time in human history (United Nations, 2006). For the first time in history, Asian populations and their governments atomic number 18 faced with increasing numbers of older adults, and this raise divers(a) friendly and economic issues, (Chan, 2005) specially issues concerning the life satisfaction (Wu Rudkin, 2000). 2.1 Life SatisfactionThe use of different monetary value such(prenominal) as psychological eudaimonia, inherent well-being, life satisfaction, delight and morale for the same downstairslying construct has le d to treatable confusion in the literature over just what is being measured, however, these suppositions and their descriptions atomic number 18 not identical, all of them involve a psychological response by the private to socio-environmental situation encountered in life and demonstrate no significant difference in meaning.(Cloutterbuck, 1987).Stock, Okun, and Benin (1988) defined prejudiced well-being as combining concepts together mood, happiness, life satisfaction, and morale. Factors such as morale, life satisfaction and happiness argon considered to be important in determining subjective well-being in the elderly (Kim, Hisata, Kai, Lee, 2000). internal well-being is composed of two elements cognitive and affective. Life satisfaction, the cognitive component of subjective well-being, refers to a planetary judgment of a life as a whole (Jin, 2001).Life satisfaction has also been defined in various ways, including happiness, valuation reserve, morale, somatic wellnes s, subjective well-being, and the balance between aspirations and achievements (Nutt, 2001).Life satisfaction has been defined two major(ip) ways in the literature first as an heading entity, usually the quantity of companionable interactions and reciprocal ohm as an internal and subjective perception, the one-on-ones evaluation of their lives, the second approach is now to a greater extent(prenominal) widely use (Miller, 1997). Life satisfaction is a real personal mind, one must decide ones own life satisfaction criteria. Two individuals whitethorn share very similar lives, and one whitethorn find life satisfactory and the other may not (Quadhamer, 1999). Havighurst proposed that measuring life satisfaction as an inner assessment was a better measure of successful ageing. Such a measure would accommodate individual differences in conceptions and values of growing older. Specifically, the individual whose personality most values an active life style could be as satisfied wit h his life as one who is more passive (Havighurst, 1961).Distinction between life satisfaction and character reference of life is not clear and the concepts are neartimes used interchangeably (Borg, Hallberg, Blomqvist, 2006). Jeffres and Dobos (1995) proposed that step of life consists of two distinct global concepts with underlying domains. The first concept, perceive quality of life or life satisfaction, is a consequence of satisfaction with the personal domains of life. These domains include satisfaction with family life, friends, wellness, checkmate in crime and oneself. The second concept refers to quality of life in the broader brotherly environment, environmental quality of life (Jeffres Dobos, 1995). Environmental quality of life domains include satisfaction with housing, schools, wellness services, safety and security, roads and transport (Evans, 1994) . Personal quality of life is associated with quality of life in the broader social environment (Jeffres Dobos, 1995), only the two domains are not identical (Fadda Jiron, 1999). For example, some individuals rate their quality of life as very good whilst maintenance under extremely arduous environmental conditions, whereas others rate their quality of life as poor even though their environmental conditions are excellent (Westaway, 2006).2.1.1 Life Satisfaction in elderlyAmong elders the predictors of life satisfaction were found to be comprehend level of activity (Osberg McGinnis, 1987), hop on, gender (Fadda Jiron, 1999 Kudo, Izumo, Kodama, Watanabe, Hatakeyama, Fukuoka, Kudo, Yaegashi, Sasaki, 2007), satisfaction with family life (Medley, 1976), the availableness of confidants (Strain Chappell, 1982), subjective health rating (Downe-Wamboldt Tamlyn, 1986 Gfellner, 1989 Spreitzer Snyder, 1974) , physical health status (Joia, Ruiz, Donalisio, 2007 Kudo et al., 2007 Bowling, 1990) , satisfaction with pecuniary status and socio-economic status (Antonucci Akiyama, 2007 Borg et al ., 2006 Spreitzer Snyder, 1974 Welsch, 2007), religious affiliation and private charm (Korff, 2006 Markides, Levin, Ray, 1987 Sagaza, 2004), marital status, and educational level (Subasi Hayran, 2005), subsisting environment (Subasi Hayran, 2005 Rehdanz Maddison, 2008), personal factors (Borg, Fagerstrm, Balducci, Burholt, Ferring, Weber, Wenger, Gran Holst, Hallberg, 2008 Sanchez, Jr., 2006) , social shop at (Abu Bader, Rogers, Barusch, 2003) and sociopolitical gravid (Abdallah, Thompson, Marks, 2008).Based on the International Study in 1994 and 1999, indicates that the level of satisfaction of the elderly is world-widely inflict in large cities, and lower for those who are in the first half of their 60s, who constitute single-person households, who are not in good health condition, who live in rented housing (Sagaza, 2004) another study showed that good health, high self-esteem, and the absence of worry were associated with life satisfaction (Borg et al., 2008).Anal yses of associations with life satisfaction in the study of elderly persons in Hong Kong showed significant associations between life satisfaction and a number of variables including age, education, marital status, self-rated financial situation, religious belief, living arrangement, social brave, social network, self-rated health status, functional capacity, number of chronic illnesses and activity level. Multivariate analysis substantiate that the strongest predictors of life satisfaction were self-rated financial situation, activity level and social concord (Chou Chi, 1999). Borg et al., (2006) identified several factors of greatness for life satisfaction among older batch with reduced ability to perform daily activities social contacts, health, activities, family, negatively losing family members (Borg et al., 2006). Recent work has identified a relationship between personality traits and life satisfaction (Thakral, 2006 Fogle, Huebner, Laughlin, 2002). Among muckle with reduced ADL capacity in 6 European countries, it was found that personal factors, rather than environmental factors such as social or financial resources, influence life satisfaction (Borg et al., 2008).Life satisfaction and sexuality Up to age 65, women tended to base higher rates of life satisfaction than men however, after age 65 men were more likely than women to report a high degree of life satisfaction (Spreitzer Snyder, 1974). Significant predictors of life satisfaction were found in fe young-begetting(prenominal) respondents age, financial strain and depression. In male respondents, the significant predictors of life satisfaction were education and financial strain (Chou Chi, 1999). Medley found standard of living to be a more important predictor of life satisfaction in women, whereas satisfaction with health was more important to men (Medley, 1976).Life satisfaction and Age As age increases there is a loosen up decrease in life satisfaction (Melendez, Tomas, Oliver, Navarro, 2005) Indeed, survey queryers have noted that older battalion show consistent increases in life satisfaction with age but a leveling withdraw of more affective characteristics such as happiness (Antonucci Akiyama, 2007).Life satisfaction and Income Previous studies have indicated that financial strain was consistently and negatively associated with life satisfaction and financial situation was a significant predictor of satisfaction (Chou Chi, 1999 Chou Chi, 1999) and satisfaction with financial status was a stronger predictor of life satisfaction than objective financial state (Spreitzer Snyder, 1974).Life satisfaction and Educational level Education is found to have a significant effect on life satisfaction. Higher education attainment is associated with improved socioeconomic status, higher wage rates, and better health, all of which lead to better living standards (Bukenya, Gebremedin, Schaeffeaer, 2003).Life satisfaction and EthnicBarger, Donoho, Wayment., (20 09) evaluated racial/ethnic disparities in life satisfaction, and explored the relative contributions of SES, health status, and social relationships to life satisfaction among two very large, diverse probability samples of U.S. adults. That was the first major evaluation of Hispanic life satisfaction in the U.S. and is the largest U.S. population based life satisfaction study to date. They found that Blacks and Hispanics have lower life satisfaction than Whites, but controlling for SES and health status weakened these differences for Blacks and eliminated them for Hispanics. They also found a modest Hispanic arrive at for being very satisfied in multivariable models. The consistently higher explained life satisfaction variance among Whites could set substantive cultural variation in the types of delay relevant to well-being judgments (Barger, Donoho, Wayment, 2009).Life satisfaction and marital status Marital status was found to be incontrovertiblely cerebrate to life satisfa ction by some investigators (Markides et al., 1987 Strain Chappell, 1982) whereas others failed to show this relationship (Osberg McGinnis, 1987). Marital status importantly affects satisfaction, with being single having a negative effect on both(prenominal) health and quality of life satisfaction. Proponents of social role explanations conjure up that men derive great benefits from marriage than women do because mens roles are less disagreeable and more delicious compared to women (Bukenya et al., 2003). Hansen et al., (2004) in a study with title Age, marital status and life satisfaction found, having a partner (in the household) was strongly associated with higher levels of life satisfaction for both genders. The results showed no differential effect of having a partner by gender. However, for both genders, older cohorts without a partner had higher life satisfaction than their younger counterparts. No age-differential effect of having a partner was found. Interestingly, t he effect of having a partner decreased with age for both genders, and significantly more so amongst women (Hansen, 2004).Life satisfaction and Employment Researchers examining employment status and life satisfaction have found a positive relation between these variables. Results of several studies have further arouseed that persons 65 years of age and older who remain active in the labor force have higher levels of life satisfaction and morale than do retired persons in the same age cohort (Aquino, Russellc, Cutrona, Altimaier, 1996).Life satisfaction and Strata (rural/urban) Evans., (2005) analyse differences in the social takes of rural and urban elders to determine what those differences meant in terms of three markers of successful aging activity level, life satisfaction, and depressive symptoms. Results showed that urban older adults reported more depressive symptoms as compared to rural older adults. Furthermore, subjective level of social support (perceived satisfaction with support) was positively fit with life satisfaction and negatively correlated with depressive symptoms for both rural and urban older adults, however, there were no mediating do of social support in the relationship between residence and levels of activity, life satisfaction, and depressive symptoms (Evans, 2005).2.2 Functional and Structural components of support In this section a broad overview of structural and functional components of support will be provide and each of these concept consider separately, because each has different properties that can potentially influence the life satisfaction.2.2.1 DefinitionsThe concept of social support has been a popular subject of research since the late 1970 and publications on social support increased almost geometrically from 1976 to 1981 (Phillips, Siu, Yeh, Cheng, 2008).The concept of social support has been variously addressed in terms of social bonds, social contacts, and availability of confidants (Johnson, 1996 Seeman, Bruce , McAvay, 1996) and early research patronizely unclear the distinctions between four concepts social relations, social network, social support, and social integration (Antonucci Akiyama, 2007). social support and social support resources such as social network, social interactions or social contacts, reported as related but distinct concepts (Seeman, Lusignolo, Albert, Berkman, 2001).Social support includes interpersonal parley and interaction, love and understanding, caring and concern, affection and companionship, financial care, and respect and acceptance (Antonucci Akiyama, 2007 Loue Sajatovic, 2008). Definitions of social support range from the authentic supportive acts that are exchanged between individuals to a personality-like factor based in early interpersonal experiences that then influences how an individual views the likelihood that someone is supportive. The concept of social support has been investigated by researchers in anthropology, epidemiology, medicine, nursing, psychology, and sociology. inclined the different backgrounds of researchers in these fields one can appreciate why reaching consensus for a definition of social support has been difficult (Rudkin, 2006). there is a lack of general consensus on how social support should be specifically defined. One useful way to conceptualize social support is that it has both structural and functional aspects, qualitative (subjective) and quantitative (objective) aspects, and social network-based and support-based aspects (Phillips et al., 2008). 2.2.2Functional Component of keepMore recent studies of social support conceptualize it as the functions that are provided by social relationships. Although the question of what exactly is provided by supportive individuals varies between researchers, many agree that supportive individuals provide or make available what can be termed worked up support, informational support, tangible support, and belonging support .These functional aspects of s ocial support are often highly related to each other and not easily separated in everyday life. stirred support, provides individuals with the belief that they are loved and cared for, emotional support involved such things as giving advice, expressing affection, and providing morale support (Johnson, 1996). unrestrained support is probably what most of us imagine when we think about a supportive individual. Emotional support is thought to be beneficial because it provides the recipient with a palpate of acceptance and may build up ones self-esteem during life challenges (Loue Sajatovic, 2008). Informational support can be a very powerful form of support to the extent that it provides useful direction. Such advice and guidance may also carry an emotional message, it is often the model that useful guidance from close friends can be seen as emotionally supportive in that the person cares enough to speak with you about important decisions (Cohen , Underwood , Gottlieb , 2000). Ap praisal supportincludes feedback given to individuals to second them in self-evaluation or in appraising situations. The intangible forms of support emotional, informational, and appraisal support, can be difficult to disentangle (Rudkin, 2006). unmistakable support, is conceptualized as the assistance from others in ones daily operate. Emotional social support contributed to positive affect, while tangible social support contributed to life satisfaction as well as decrease psychosomatic and emotional distress (Seeman et al., 2001). For older tidy sum tangible support may be as simple as providing a ride to the grocery store or mowing the lawn (Loue Sajatovic, 2008), involves being able to help with everyday jobs around the house, providing financial assistance, and helping in the process of taking care of children (Johnson, 1996). Research findings regarding implemental support are more mixed. Receipt of higher levels of instrumental support, specifically help with various ta sks, has been associated with greater declines in physical functioning. More moderate levels of instrumental support appear to promote recovery and slow decline in functioning. In many studies, however, the direction of causation has not been clearly established (Rudkin, 2006). be support is defined as the presence of others with whom to engage in social activities. An example of it would be a friend with whom to go shopping or to watch a basketball game. Belonging support may be beneficial because such positive social and leisure activities may enhance ones mood and common sense datum of acceptance by others (Cohen et al., 2000).Social support functions are often intertwined those who provide tangible support may also be providing reassurance and emotional support. Furthermore, different network members provide different types of support. People tend to produce to their families for instrumental support, friends for emotional support, and during times of illness, health care wo rkers for advice and aid (Loue Sajatovic, 2008). Higher levels of emotional support, both perceived and earnd, improve outcomes, whereas the effects of instrumental support have been questionable. Older individuals who have more interaction with others and who report more available emotional support, experience fewer and slower declines in cognitive and physical functioning (Rudkin, 2006).The effectiveness of any form of support will regard on the extent to which it meets the demands of the particular stressful caseful. For controllable stressful events, support such as informational or tangible is predicted to be more important. However, if the event is less controllable, then emotional or belonging support may serve to facilitate adjustment (Uchino, Cacioppo, Kiecolt-Glaser, 1996).2.2.2.1 Functional component perceived or receiveFunction components of support are usually organised along two dimensions what support is perceived to be available (available support) and what su pport is actually received or provided (received support) by others (Cohen, 2004 Kafetsios Sideridis, 2006). These measures are not highly related and are often associated with different effects on well-being. What is perceived as available may or may not correspond to what is actually provided (Kahna, Hesslingb, Russellc, 2003). Studies hint that received support is not related to the perceived availability of support in a unequivocal manner, one reason is that measures of available support are related to ones cognitive representation of social support, a person might perceive a high availability of support but decide not to utilize it because of concerns about network members perception of their competence (Cohen et al., 2000). when elderly individuals indicated that others were available to provide social support, they were more likely to report greater use of proactive coping (Greengalss, Fliksenbaum, Eaton, 2006). However, the benefits of social support are most strongly r elated to the perception that support is available. In other words, the highest levels of well-being are found among people who believe that they have a high level of social support, regardless of how much support they receive or how many people they know (Karademas, 2006 Kim et al., 2000 Phillips et al., 2008).National study of economically stressed older adults shows that those who believed that no one would come to their aid in the future had the greatest number of depressive symptoms (Loue Sajatovic, 2008) and a higher level of support was reported in those who perceived the provider as supportive (Pierce et al., 1992). 2.2.2.2 Buffer against stressful life eventsSocial support may act as a buffer against stressful life events and, thus, reduce photograph to the resultant cumulative pathological effects of stress. Alternatively, social support may be a constant, more generally available resource, across time and situations (Alan, Alison, Martha, Lawrence, Ian, 2007 Antonucci Akiyama, 2007).The two type of support are not inversely exclusive and may be viewed as complementary, there is evidence to support both types of effects. It should also be emphasized that the particular pathways or mechanisms by which social relationships affect well being likely depend upon the characteristics of the individual, his or her socioeconomic situation, the health outcome of interest, and the measure of social relationships (Rudkin, 2006).Murrell and Norris (1984) postulated that social support may not only buffer individuals from stressful life events, but may actually be important for the general maintenance of psychological well-being and life satisfaction in old age, independent of adversity or stress (Tho , 2001). Social support can act as a buffer to soften the effects of negative life occurrences, this might explain why some people maintain good health when exposed to stressful life events which would be expected to have a negative effect on health (Bowung , Fa rquha , Browne , 1991) and those older adults who are going done the loss of a loved one and have a strong social support system report a higher sense of life satisfaction and well-being (Gray , 2007). Coleman suggests that social relationships can act as a form of social insurance, provide communication and information networks, and create norms and sanctions that facilitate social action (Celia Lenore, 2004).2.2.3 Structural Component of applySupport Network refers to objective characteristics of the network such as total network size (Janevic, Ajrouch, Merline, Akiyama, Antonucci, 2000 Antonucci, Lansford, Akiyama, Smith, Baltes, Takahashi, Fuhrer, Dartigues, 2002), the number of family members, age, sex, proximity, or frequency of contact with network members and living arrangements (Yoshida, Sauer, Tidwell, Skager, Sorenson, 1997). Social networks define as webs of relationships that link the individual directly and indirectly to other people. Social networks include fri ends and family, as well as familiarity. The size of a social network depends on the person , some people have large families and numerous friends, whereas others may have smaller families and smaller friendship networks (Phillips, 1986 Phillips et al., 2008 Quadhamer, 1999). The Properties of the person and situation significantly influence the structure of the individuals network. Since one occupies a large number of roles, such as child, spouse, and parent, it is natural that this is a time when there are numerous members of the support network, and that they differ widely in age and gender (Antonucci, Akiyama, Merline, 2001 Berke, 1991 Fiori, 2006).2.2.3.1 Formal social supportFormal social support is in many cases essential to an older adults well-being because it provides practical support that becomes increasingly dependent as a person ages. Formal support comes from those individuals and institutions one depends upon for services and assistance such as health care providers , social workers, case managers, shopkeepers, delivery persons, and others in institutional settings (Loue Sajatovic, 2008 Quadhamer, 1999).2.2.3.2Informal social supportThere are several aspects of the structure of social networks that have received much oversight in the literature on social relations and aging. Including family versus friend relationships, under the umbrella term of structural component is somewhat arbitrary, as this issue also touches on functional component.2.2.3.3 Family versus FriendsInformal Social Support systems are typically those supports such as family and friends and developed over a period of time through interactions with others (Nutt, 2001 Quadhamer, 1999). Informal support members are generally the primary caregivers to the older adult who removes assistance. Psychologically, social interactions with family and friends provide feedback to the individual regarding his/her social role and behavior (Rosenhand, 1999) and both of family and friends so cial support increase life satisfaction (Miller, 1997). The study of social relations must take into account that convoys of close friends and family members may be both pleasant and unpleasant, supportive and unsupportive (Antonucci Akiyama, 2007).Findings showed that, reliable alliance, or instrumental assistance, was more strongly related to well-being when provided by kin than by nonkin (Felton Berry, 1992). Surveys of elderly people have documented that the most frequently mentioned helpers are wives followed by daughters, particularly in the case of widowed parents (Bowung et al., 1991). Couples who do not have children may designedly develop strong relationships with relatives such as nephews and nieces because these relatives serve as informal support to them when children would otherwise engage support (Loue Sajatovic, 2008). Social support, especially from children and family members, had a significant positive effect on the life satisfaction of older adults when sup port was provided at a low level. However, excessive support was found to diminish the sense of well-being in the elderly as well as wear away their autonomy and emancipation (Silverstein Bengtson, 1994). In fact, increasing contact with family members could be viewed by older adults as a sign of upset independence (Fiori, 2006). Older people who are married are much less likely to need formal supports, such as home nurse care or Meals on Wheels, than unmarried people. Family relationships, under normal circumstances, make an important contribution to well-being (Antonucci Akiyama, 2007) however, if the relationship is not supportive and positive, the opposite is true. In fact, intimate relationships that are not supportive, trusting, and loving have negative influences on the physical and mental health and overall well-being of the elderly. Additionally, the very old tend to have smaller circles of social support as many people have outlived spouses, other family members, frie nds, and sometimes even children (Loue Sajatovic, 2008). Although it is clear that families play important roles in the lives of older adults, providing sometimes extraordinary care giving efforts and instrumental help, friends are also invaluable resources. Indeed, research initially designed to examine the impact of family members alone often finds that the friends are mentioned as a significant support source (Antonucci Akiyama, 2007).The need for friendships among the elderly is self-evident (Hanafy, 1992).When confronting loneliness or needing assistance with social issues, older adults prefer friendships to family Social Support ( specifically spouses and children). The reasons that older adults prefer friendships to family in cases of emotional support are primarily due to sense of continuity with the past that friends can provide (Loue Sajatovic, 2008). Older people obtained a sense of emotional support from having intimate friendships with neighbors and friends and at le ast one child living close by with whom they have frequent contact (Loue Sajatovic, 2008).Friendships have significant positive effects on the mental health of the elderly (Antonucci Akiyama, 2007) and tend to be a matter of choice rather than birth. People shoot friends because of shared interests and desire for contact and friendships share a form of reciprocity that may be rattlebrained in family relationships and reciprocity has a strong effect on the satisfaction level of seniors and their friendships (Loue Sajatovic, 2008).In one study of friendships among people over 60 year, 68% reported long-term friendship ties throughout their lives. There were some gender differences, with more than half the women reporting that they remained friends with a close friend from childhood or adolescence, whereas men showed high levels of continuity with close friendships developed at midlife. In one sample of people over 85 years old, it was found that more than half still had at least one close friend, and three-fourths were in weekly contact with people they considered their friends. Furthermore, almost half reported that they had make new friends after age 85, although the criteria for those friends tended to involve less expectation for intimacy or shared history than was common among younger people (Antonucci Akiyama, 2007).2.3 Functional and Structural Support in elderlyThe findings from several studies suggest that the social network of elderly adultsmay differ from those of younger persons on a number of dimensions. In modem societies the networks of the older are generally smaller than those of younger people. There is some controversy in the literature as to whether social networks of the aging decrease in size, frequency of contact with persons in the network, and degree of given and received support (Dorman, 2001).Gender It has been widely recognized that social networks among men and women differ in complex ways, particularly in relation to life sta ge (Antonucci et al., 2001). In terms of gender, women report providing more support, having more frequent contact with network members, being more satisfied with their friends, and having larger and more multifaceted social networks than do men (Fiori, Antonucci, Cortina, 2006). Male got more support from fa

Once Upon A Time by Gabriel Okara

in one case Upon A Time by Gabriel OkaraThe poet of the numbers Once upon a prison term is Gabriel Okara who is a Nigerian. He was born on twenty-fourth or 21st of April in the year 1921.In that year Nigeria got independence from Britain so at that time they were still influenced by the British culture. The background of the poem is that he is remembering the office commonwealth use to be clear and act with each other and he is comparing it with how wad interact with others now. How the people use to do things with their hearts and with pleasure and happiness. It describes what happens when a traditional African culture and civilisation meets with the western culture. My per countersignal opinion of the purpose of this poem is to outline the behaviour and constitution people have at the second gear and try and bring them back to the individualality that people utilise to have, when they used to do things with emotion and with their heartThe poem is a conversation among a f ather and his son w present the son does things with emotion and the father wants to sw completelyow up his fake personality and re- chance on and create real personalities from his son. And he is asking the son to evince him how to express true love and show real personality to others.It the first stanza the author mentions that people used to put-on with their heart they used to caper with their emotions, when they would laugh they would do it wholeheartedly and with warmth and they used to laugh with their eyes and show pleasure with them. And know they do it with only their odontiasising non with their heart, mean they do not rattling want to laugh but do it just to get closer to you and with their darky somber cold eyes they watch you and wait for you from the corner of their eyes delay for you to leave search behind my shadow. In my opinion the words they discover to the white people who had invaded their country and influenced them with their culture. In this sta nza the words ice-block-cold eyes is used these words emphasize the coldness and the inner hatred they have for you c ar they can freeze water with their gaze. These also make the poem pure tone a good turn dark and cold and a slight bit sinisterIn the second stanza he further talks near the personalities of the people of the past he says they used to shake with their hearts here he is try to say that when you would meet each other you go away shake their hands with pleasure and with warmth and do it testamentingly. While their left over(p) hands search my empty pockets from this we can see that they are trying to use him to get to his money or receive something from him. This also shows that the peoples personalities are not real and trueIn the third stanza he is lecture about when people ask you to come again and say get at home you go there once, twice and the third time they will not let you in thinking that you are a pest and that they do not wanted to see you anymore . The words relish at home is used for when you want a guest to tone welcomed and that they belong in that household. Here he mentions that I find the portals omit on me this shows that they do not even open the door to fork him that he is not wanted and the moment but instead leaves the door closed keeping him standing outside. This also shows that when people speak they lying not telling the truth but just saying something skillful to grasp their heart.In the fourth stanza he talks about how he has learned to put on faces equivalent how outfits and masks are put on at different times, and with different people you act differently, for example in the office you act in one way to a person but when you meet them on the street you act another way to them, and how all the faces that people have on different occasions. He says I have learned too which is suggesting that he has also changed with the change of the people around him. he also mentions with all their conforming smiles care a fixed portrait suggesting that they all have the same smile all the time not showing any true emotion.In the 5th stanza he says that he has also been influenced by the people around him and he has learned to keep his true personality a secret and show the world a fake personality, to laugh with only me teeth this get down is connected with the sectionalisation in the first stanza they only laugh with their teeth from this you can see a comparison of what people do and what he does now. This also shows that he has changed to blend in with the environment. Here in the part where he says I have also learned to say good-bye when I mean Good-riddance that is pointing out to the fact that they will, without thinking and without meaning it they will say Goodbye. He mentions forward that Glad to meet you meaning that he is happy to see you and is happy with your presence without being glad meaning that the did not wanted to talk to you and they disliked your presence and if th ey could they would of avoided you and its been nice talking to you, after being bored saying that they say things that they do not meanIn the fifth stanza he concludes it all saying that he does not like what he has become and he wants to be like he used to be when he was like a child so small and innocent. He points out that he really wants to learn how to laugh with emotions like you really mean it and he compares his laugh like that of a snakes fangs that shows only the teeth snakes are those menacing creatures that are respectable of venom and can never be trusted and to compare his laugh with a snake gives the image that the man really does not like his fake personality. This stanza sums it well by giving the image to the reader that he is not happy and satisfied with himselfThe last stanza is the farther asking and plead to his son to show him how to laugh and smile like he did when he was a child. The last line sums up the entire poem really well making sure that all stri ngs are lacedThe structure of the poem is really good and consistent most of the stanzas have 6 lines in them. It is a very nice poem with a nice smooth flow

The Implementation Of Erp At Tektronix Information Technology Essay

The Implementation Of Erp At Tektronix In info formation engineering science EssayThe Tektronix Inc Global discipline study is a classic fount of a baptismal font where an iconic leader with his squad of motivated leadinghip and sponsors manages alteration by empowering and guiding people. Even though the ERP endure was non an easy task, clear focus, planning and the executive clit from the top meant the propose was executed on a priority and several(a) challenges tackled at the reclaim prison term. In addition, the accomplishment of an ERP normally considered as a biggest information ashes labor ever completed by a corporation (Whitten et al., 2000, Ehie and Madsen, 2005, Vlachopoulou and Manthou, 2006, Hitt et al., 2002). This case study amyotrophic lateral sclerosiso highlights the crucial role that pargonntage soures and clientele wait on reengineering play in the victory of a world-wide brass section. Additionally what is odd is the boffo international instruction execution and rollout pass acrosswise di views and geographies. Lets look at the conf go ford formulas of the ERP rollout at Tektronix oneness by one.The biggest challenge for every such endeavour or a project is the wariness of modification and the associated people prudence for such a extensive transformation project. This is in line with Grabski and sponger (2007) view that slaying of an ERP and associated BPR is non unchallenging. However, Carl Neun knowms to manage this substitute as a true leader who is invited and aw atomic number 18 of challenges of change management (Westerman et al., 1999). flip-flop management is a planned salute to causing people to try for transitions to develop operations (Joyce, 2000). Lets look at the change aspect of the project first and how the transformation from a legacy corpse to spic-and-span times ERP was authoritative-firely run. I am using the framework based of Harvard occupancy Review on Leading through Change. In John P Kotters (1995) article on Why Transformations fail, he highlights the eight steps to achievementful transformation of a organization asEstablishing a sense of spurringNeun being an experienced CFO and an able leader k spic-and-spanborn that in graze for the project to succeed and to link up the organization with an ERP arranging and bring into being an ecosystem where information was available mandatory a sense of urgency to be defecated. He soundless that for Tektronix to move forward and to invest and divest in various occupancyes, it needed to be connected via an information system else the play along was headed for disaster. As Grabski and Leech (2007) express that one approach to overcome this egression is investing in advanced information system, such as go-ahead Resource Planning (ERP) systems, to improve the dividing line competitiveness. Moreover, the dwindling financial mathematical operation was a featureor to create the sense of urgenc y required. The impetus from Roy poochs cultivation to double the printer military control and also the realisation that the printer business would be volume game created the urgency for Tektronix to be ready with an IT system that would support growth.Forming a powerful guiding coalitionNeun and his senior management squad were the powerful guiding coalition that was assembled by the CEO. In the case study it is mentioned that the CEO had given Neun the unlimited authority on capital punishment and the buck stopped with Neun with regards to the ERP instruction execution. Neun consequently selected his long time associate curtsy Vance as the CIO. Along with the business justification from Roy Barker, the team become a powerful guiding coalition and the exclusives worked together as a large(p) a team.Creating a visionCarl Neun knew his end goal was to create an organisation where information was readily available and could be sh atomic number 18d easily. He valued to simp lify the complexity and address change by removing archaic processes and systems. Neuns capital of Kentucky is Orlando analogy was the vision of the project. It highlighted that the business all over the world was equivalent barring language and certain local legal requirements. To support this, Bingi et al. (2002) believed that consolidation through ERP systems allows organizations to share information in a standard format across its various divisions both in the headquarter and in its global offices, with no modifications for language and currency differences needed. Carl precise distinctly expanded his vision toward the carrying out as with three components of a) separ qualification of businesses b) leveraging shared services c) staying plain vanilla as possible, as alterations could lead to budget and time overruns, defective functionality (Sumner, 2000). Standardising the business processes was a bring up component of Carls vision and he was focused to hold in that com plex processes were change to the maximum possible extent.Communicating the visionThe vision was communicated first by getting the business heads such as Barker to back the plan. Once he had raised the concerns opposite managers and senior managers fall in in the exertion. Carl and Vance took the lead to communicate the vision by first explaining their judgements of the simplified architecture of the transformed information system. They also took pain to simplify and turn on for standardisation. The idea of starting with carrying out at CPID and then moving onto some other divisions also gave the opport building blocky for the learnings at one place to be apply to the next one, as noted by Rogers (1995) that the adoption of a new system will follow an S curve by having trailblazer or early adopter organisations taking the lead, followed by early majority, upstart majority adopters, then at last laggards.This approach helped to teach the new behaviours as the guiding coali tion was at the forefront of the change and were atomic number 82 by example.Empowering others to act on the visionThe key component for empowering others to change include a) Getting rid of obstacles to change b) Changing systems and social organisations that seriously undermine change c) Encouraging risk taking and non-traditional ideas, activities and actions.As identified by Ahadi (2006) as the change management effectiveness in the organisation. He asserts that the ability of the organisation to authorize employees, appraise performance, apply reward systems, conduct prepare and education and facilitate colloquy during the process of change is crucial. Carl Neun was empowered by the CEO to take the project through and the empowerment trickled down to the aim of execution. This allowed the CIO and his team to put in extra people, fire people who were acting as hindrance to the slaying. In addition the team structure put in place and the roles ensured that the projects in various geographies rolled up together very easily in a coherent itinerary. The key hindrance to success was lack of financial information and Carl Neun took the objurgate steps to simplify the business processes and reduce disparities across the world and then put in the ERP system, which would change the change. He shuffled the European organisation structure and changed it to commission institution as it would allow for the changes to be made swiftly and removal of the country managers helped the cause set ahead.Planning for a creating Short Term winsThe key to success of the Tektronix ERP implementation was the implementation of the project in vagabonds. The concept of allowing the project to be use in waves did in turn create short-term wins where people and teams could see things were working. Not only did implementing the project in waves allowed for it to be utilize well but also allowed the learning from previous waves to be carried out into further projects. That is allowing what is known as windows of opportunity (Tyre and Orlikowski, 1994) to develop where the users would discover novel and give away ways to carry out their daily work after implementation which could be fed back to the global group in other divisions.Consolidating improvements and producing still more than changeOnce the first wave was successful the leadership team kept moving in to implement the changes across the organisation and across geographies. The credibility that came from implementing the first wave was used to push forward the further waves as the momentum picked up as things started to work. whizz very interesting aspect was the Neun and Vance termination to use consulting support for the implementation of the project. I think it was a great idea that saved the sexual teams and people coordinating the project valuable time that would have been played out learning the nuances of Oracle ERP, as argued by Olsen and Saetre (2007) that the users of an ERP syst em may not skilfuly be familiar with system and thus utilise it. It took the right bellow by allowing the firm that developed an interface amid its manufacturing system and oracle to give it the rights to sell/license the interface.All these successful implementations of the one wave after another gave the momentum to forbear pushing the change further and ensuring that the change agents were constantly at work on the key vision of Frankfurt is Orlando. The learning from every wave was useful and the managers were tender on their feet. They merged improvement to produce change and whatever was not working in a wave was changed and the successful behaviour then became a part of the next wave. For instance when the consulting firm called into help CPID was not helping, they quickly moved onto a combination of Aris, Oracle and other consultants to race up the lost time. The project management team teamed up consultants with Tektronix stave who took the charge of business change while the consultants were given the responsibility to grip with system deals.The case clearly illustrates how the first wave was used to consolidate improvements and produce further change. While the implementation at CPID took a lower-ranking longer than expected, it was considered successful. With this first domestic implementation, Tektronix was able to learn powerful lessons, material body internal skills, and establish practices that helped with all of future implementation waves.Institutionalising new approachesThe new business processes were thoroughly discussed before being implemented in distinguishable decisions and runed to the individual needs of each business unit. The senior team at each business unit understood the needs of the business unit and institutionalised the new approaches to doing business.Large scale project implementation and strategical coincidenceTektronix managed a large-scale project very well condescension lots of previous difficulties with r egards to implementing other IT projects. However this one was a success because of the understanding and the vision of Neun and Vance to ensure that the business processes were simplified, as Hammer (1990) stated that the projects success involving companies investing in IT to develop their business, was ordinarily not bring home the bacon as the IT was only used to expedite existing processes. This process of alignment of the IT scheme and Business schema is key to successful performance for any organisation as highlighted in the MIT90S (Scott Morton, 1991) and Strategic conjunctive Models (SAM) (Henderson and Venkatraman, 1992). SAM suggests that for firms to be competitive, business and information strategies need to aligned (Avison et al., 2004).Henderson and Venkatraman (1992) have clearly demarcated the various domains in their strategic alignment model as shown below in the figure. They have highlighted the importance of internal and external perspectives and how the st rategic fit in the midst of these aspects influences the competitiveness of firms. The key perspective that comes of the SAM is the straightforward relation between Business strategy and Business Infrastructure and IT strategy and IT infrastructure and processes. similarly the cross dimensional alignment between Business Strategy and IT Infrastructure, IT strategy and Business Infrastructure and Processes is key to competitiveness.Fig 1 Strategic Alignment Model (Source Henderson and Venkatraman, 1992)Looking at the case study it becomes apparent that Carl Neun understood the principle of a successful global organisation and his vision clearly brought together the functional integration as well as cross dimensional alignments. He knew that business processes needed to be reengineered first. As Skok and Legge (2002) acknowledge that the success of an ERP implementation is attained with preceding implementation of BPR. Accordingly, the business processes needed to be simplified and then the appropriate IT infrastructure and IT systems and processes to be put in place to get the benefits that Tektronix was seeking from the IT alignment.The strategy of implementing the project in waves was crucial to the success of the project and also the project team structure was the right structure for successful implementation of such a large project. Looking at the project management strategy, I purport that the team structure of Neun being the Project sponsor and Vance spending considerable time on the project in detail was very important. The local implementation was the guiding factor on how to move ahead with the implementation tied(p) though the global implementation had its own challenges as argued by Ross (1999), that oversupply of distinct and independent systems in different parts of the organisation hinder globalization.Program management and giving team members the authority and power to locate on the critical aspects that affected their business the more or less was a novel project management decision. I am particularly impressed by the structure at the local implementation where for each wave on that point were functional experts, change control team, Functional sub team and most importantly the test team. Each wave at the different business units had its peculiarity and different business processes depending on the structure and the need of the individual business units.If we look at the role of Functional experts who were allocated to each wave to ensure that all the essential knowledge and remained with the implementation teams till the last(a) wave. As it has been highlighted that this led to postponement of some initiatives because other initiatives also depended on the availability of the most knowledgeable resources. I believe that this was the right strategy even though that led to delay of initiatives that were to be started the waves that were on were implemented successfully. The project and program management of Neu n and Vance must be commended, as they understood that they could not afford delays in projects. All project management is a delicate balance of the resources, time and cost as sides of a triangle. affect one has impact on the others. So when the projects were facing delays the management did not shy in putting in more consultants on the project. The team structure of leaving the system aspects to external consultants was a good decision as it freed up the business people and Tektronix experts to focus on the business processes and the knowledge aspect rather than having to understand the deep technical aspects or the architectural nuances of the ERP system.Software selection and extending the software functionalityTektronix has already seen the worse do of the not invented here with regards to the software and infrastructure solutions. Neun made the right call with going for the Oracle ERP solution. Neun understood the outsourcing advantage and also the upshot competence of Tek tronix was not at developing software solution. He left the reading of the software and implementation to the right experts. Vance took the right decision with regards to the manufacturing ERP and leaving it in place. Had the manufacturing system been interpreted off and Oracle ERP components used, then it would have been a challenge as the people in manufacturing who had recently undergone a systems change would be swamped by the next change wave and would feel unsettled. I think this was the surmount decision taken to get an external alliance to do the interface between manufacturing ERP and the Oracle ERP.Vance and Neun also did not angry eons of time on deciding the alternatives and which ERP package to select. Such evaluation programs usually cost organisations lots of bills and they highlight trivial differences between the best of the breed packages. The decision taken to go ahead with the oracle implementation, as the team was Neun and Vance had experience of working wi th Oracle and knew that the oracle solution would cater to the needs. The idea of using a small dedicated team that focussed on the capabilities of what Oracle could do and the time they spent upfront on ensuring that Oracle could do what was required for Tektronix shows the discipline and focus from top to stool to get a solution working for the organisation.Another laudable aspect of the software implementation was the plain vanilla approach adopted by the Neun. His understanding that software adaptation and customisation not only costs money and time but also introduces other behaviours that need to regression tried showed a mature thinking with regards to software customisation and development . Instead he focussed on simplifying and adapting the business processes such that they could be realised in the plain vanilla implementation of the software. Only in special and disused cases was customisation allowed and then also where customisation was done, the teams were dedicated to rigorous testing and testing with full load scenarios to ensure that the customisation did not introduce any unintended errors and behaviours. Nevertheless, Markus et als (2000) studies of businesses implementing ERP observed that some adjustments to the system were unnecessary after the users began using it more effectively.The implementation move to using Aris and Oracle consultants once the Tektronix team were sure on what sort of consultants were useful showed the ability of the business and implementation leaders to take the best decisions for the business. They cut out the slack and unnecessary admin overheads related to evaluating consultants, interviewing and employing them. The idea to use consultants on a time and material basis was a smart idea on retentiveness the project on time. Use of low cost resources and contractors kept the project costs in rein and the putting of extra consultants on waves where a delay could occur, shows lettering and commitment to ensure roll outs happen in time and are successful for the projects.Replicating this success to the international level and using the waves methodology is commendable. The project team and execution structure for the international project was exemplary. The idea to do away with the country managers and keep a simple structure as the global structure was exemplary for the global project management. In fact selection of individuals who had long term ties and understanding of the global regions was the right approach taken by the program management team.Also the idea to create a central processing centre in Marlow was an excellent idea towards consolidation. Keeping English as the language of communication for the company was a sensible decision that fast tracked the implementation. Personally I feel that the brilliant job done at customisation for the printing of bills and local communication was hitting the nail on the head in terms of implementation. At the time when the project was implem ented localisation was still picking up as a technology domain and would have taken oft longer than expected.The consolidation of the infrastructure was another bold move which was taken by Vance outsourcing the data centres completely freed the valuable resources and the company could focus on the core work of making the implementation a success. It was exemplary how they managed to soak off the whole thing together as a success. The results were sufficient and when the people quoted that they spent 90% of their time just collecting data and only 10% analysing it. The whole situation changed after then implementation as people spent 90% of their time analysing information which was the core purpose of the implementation was to make information readily available and substitute data into information. The Tektronix team did an excellent job.ConclusionI believe that the job was successful and what Tektronix needs to do for further implementations and such large programs is to keep the spirit and the learnings from the Oracle ERP implementation. One area that they need to tolerate a lot of attention would be the evolving business process framework and pay special attention to the management of Business processes. Going further in time with complex business needs and changing customer requirements and global environments would require Tektronix to adapt the business processes and if Tektronix paid special attention to keeping the business process framework up to date and then use it to drive the software changes it will keep things in control. The best way to do so would be to have process owners and process sponsors who are in charge of maintaining and consulting the stakeholders on process changes and then keep the process architecture of the organisation updated. This will ensure all further projects could experience similar success if the right team structure and leaders are engaged.