Chaucer’s Humor

Chaucer has been acclaimed as the first realist, the first humorist, the first narrative artist, the first great character-painter, and the first great metrical artist in English literature. But it is powerful and ubiquitous presence of Chaucer’s humour that makes him distinct among others writers and poets of English Literature hitherto. Chaucer perpetually observes or perceives the humorous side of any facade of human life. His humor is not constrained to his emotions but it encircles all of his interests, his beliefs, his whole being and his everything.If he manifests his knowledge and information about a wide variety of things, he also mocks, creates caricatures, parodies with the help of same knowledge. It seems that manifestation of knowledge in this way, he tries to relieve himself. For example, he shows his interest in astronomy and manifests its knowledge here and there in Canterbury Tales; he also utilizes his extensive and intensive knowledge of astrology as satiric al and mocking frequently. He has an unparalleled sense of humor.The main reason for this outstanding achievement is that his use of humor has an outstanding multiplicity and variety. Unlike most humorists, he does employ the tone of hyperbole and fantasy. He concentrates on the traits and aims at providing the real mirror images. Additionally, his least-cynical observation of realities of life and traits of human beings enables him to produced unparalleled humor. When this effort mingles with his in-depth knowledge of things and his witticism, humorist effect is created.He achieves humor through a variety of elements including plot, characterization, language, pace, and timing,. Fir example in ‘The Merchants Tale’, he does juxtaposes genre of courtly love and religion against each other and mocks them. Different precepts of courtly love are satirized by characterization and are undermined to an extent by effective utilization of images, descriptions and tone that it se ems comical and illogical.So there is no reason to deny the fact that a great deal of liveliness and reality in Chaucer’s poetry is due to his all-pervasive humor and he is unsurpassable in this art of creating humorous sketches and verbal renderings that represent a probably every facet of the contemporary life. Kemp Malone and Albert Croll Baugh observation that ‘Chaucer is sometimes denied the rank of a great poet, on the ground that he lacked higher seriousness, that his poetry is without great themes nobly conceived’ is true to some extent but not utterly.The assumption that his poetry is devoid of great themes is based on misconception. His major contribution towards the content of poetry is in his advocacy of and strict adherence to realism. His Canterbury Tales embodies a new effort in the history of literature, as it strictly deals with real men, manners, and life. He realized, to adopt Pope’s famous couplet (with a little change): Know then thyse lf: presume not dreams to scan, The proper study of mankind is man. And the product of this realization was The Canterbury Tales.This poem, as it were, holds a mirror to the life of Chaucer’s age and shows it manners and morals completely, â€Å"not in fragments†. Chaucer replaces effectively the shadowy delineations of the old romantic and allegorical school with the vivid and pulsating pictures of contemporary life. ( Brewer, 1978) Chaucer’s tone as a poet is wonderfully instinct with geniality, tolerance, humor, and freshness which are absent from that of his contemporaries and predecessors who are too dreamy or too serious to be interesting. References Brewer, Derek. Chaucer and his world. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1978.

After a century of criminological theory, why does crime still exist Essay

After more than a century of criminological theory, a central question remains: why does crime still exist? To answer this question one must first come to a clear definition as to what crime actually means. In essence crime can be considered a social concept; a specific word attributes an individual to a particularly undesirable group. This allocations is based upon an event; some sort of wrong-doing or deviance from the norm which results in social, physical, mental, property or financial harm. The fact is, there is no singular definition to crime- there are multiple views and opinions yet none stands as a concrete definition. From a formally legal perspective, crime can be defined as by the state; that is if a specific act is defined by criminal law and is subject to punishment than it can be considered a crime. Conversely from a labelling perspective, crime can only exist if a particular event has resulted in a social response. It is this social response which instigates the criminal label and thus if there is no label, there is no crime. The ambiguity in the definition of crime alone provides grounds for its continuous existence. After all it seems only logical that we cannot rid of something that is not universally agreed upon. In attempts to unveil the cloak of criminality, various theories have been put forward which seek to clarify what is unclear. Of particular interest is the classical approach to crime and the idea of positivism and individualist behaviour. The classical theory of criminality locates the source of criminality within the individual and describes it as a rational choice (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990). Positivism on the other hand emphasises causation and determinism, it focuses on both the external and internal factors which drive individual behaviour (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990). Both of these theories hold opposing views about the causations of crime however they both seek to give reason to the existence of criminal behaviour. By focusing on these theories we may receive some clarity as to why crime still exists. Classical Theory: According to the classical theory criminality is seen to be derived from the individual and their ability to reason. This theory encapsulates crime as a matter of choice and intent on the part of the offender. Due to crime being represented as a choice of the offender, responsibility for that crime is thus attributed solely to the individual. Classical theory views all individuals as having equal opportunity to reason and be rational thus making us accountable for our actions. The basis of such a view stems from the assumption that there is general consensus among members of society; individuals surrender particular rights to state in exchange for its protection thus forming a social contract. Because we are all viewed as having equal opportunity to reason, the classical view holds that any rules or laws developed by consensus should be viewed as reasonable and binding to all; this is the social contract. The classical theory thereby defines criminality as someone who acts irrationally or makes a bad choice which violates the social contract. The two leading figures behind the development of the classical theory are Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. According to Beccaria (1764) and Bentham (1970) the basis of all social action should be viewed as the utilitarian concept which results in the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people in society. Beccaria stated that crime should be considered as an injury to society as a whole and as such punishment should be used as a deterrent. This concept alone is the core is the core policy classical theory adopts when responding to crime; deterrence. Punishment is in essence the force which maintains the existence of a social contract between the state and individual (Carlsmith and Darley 2002). Classical theory states that all crimes should be associated with some sort of punishment. However the purpose of this punishment within the law is to deter individuals and not to seek vengeance. Deterrence should be directed at both the individual (direct deterrence) and at society as a whole (general deterrence). As such punishment should fit the crime but still outweigh the attraction of individual(s) to commit that crime [Beccaria (1764) and Bentham (1970)]. The Persistence of crime: To answer the question as to why classical theory has failed to rid society of crime we must further examine the work of Jeremy Bentham. According to Bentham (1970) â€Å"Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters; pain and pleasure. Bentham outlines how all human behaviour can be linked to a self-interested pursuit of pleasure adaversion of pain. Thus according to this crime can be considered as behaviours seeking to satisfy some underlying universal desires. In that sense people can be seen as rational when they commit crimes and when they do not. Furthermore it implies that people act first in the interest of the self and are free to choose a course of action, be it legal or illegal. Thus classical theory hasn’t failed to rid society of crime because it never attempted to do so; the theory merely accepts the fact that crime will co-exist alongside free-will and as such classicism seeks to minimise it. According to Blumstein, Cohen, and Nagin (1978) a review of seminal studies conducted from 1960-1970 depicted that certainty of punishment and severity of punishment correlated highly with lower levels of crime. Furthermore Shepherd (2002) demonstrated that cross-sectional studies and surveys support the previous findings in that perceived certainty of punishment has a strong inverted association with criminal offending. Strengths and Weaknesses: The strongest point classicism holds is its emphasis on equality. In the eyes of the law classicism enforces that everyone be viewed and treated the same. Whilst in theory this notion may seem appealing as it rids the legal system of bias judgements such as lifting the laws for the rich, it also has a dark side. Classicism ignores the specificity of the defendant. Some people such as mentally ill or children are clearly not rational yet classicism overlooks this. Classicism incorrectly assumes that people are equal in terms of life chances and it does little to address the causations of crime. Thus although the deterrence policy adopted by classicism has been proven to work, the theory refuses to acknowledge external factors which may influence crime. Even though classical systems of crime are still used today, such theoretical models became largely unfavourable in the mid-19th century when a new paradigm of human behaviour became dominant (Tibbets 2012). This view became known as school of positivism. Positivism: Positivism was first proposed by Auguste Comte (1968) – his theory sought to quantify, classify and acknowledge humanities individual differences when dealing with criminal acts. The core concept underlying positivism is that individual behaviour is shaped by both external and internal factors. The focus of positivism is of the individual and not the crime. Conversely to classicism, positivism asserts that individuals vary and that no two people are alike. As a result rehabilitation is core policy positivism adopts when dealing with criminality. Positivists emphasize that attention should be drawn to the offender and the offender’s characteristics as opposed to the criminal act itself. Furthermore punishment is not viewed as means to a valid solution in resolving crime. Offenders should receive treatment and this treatment should be individualised to fit the unique characteristics of the offender. Defining Crime: Similarly to classicism, positivism agrees that there is a moral consensus which exists in society in relation to what constitutes deviant and normal behaviour. However the differences arise when examining what drives criminal activity. Specifically positivists attribute three strands which underlie criminal activity: biological factors, psychological factors and biosocial factors. Biological Factors: Cesare Lambroso (1968) was the first to put forward the idea that criminals may differ from normal individuals. He did this through his idea of atavism; criminals could be identified from a physical stigma which portrayed them as primitive. Although this is quite obviously wrong he did set in motion the idea that biological makeup may influence criminality. Fishbein (1990) suggested the idea that a person may be born criminal due to genetic dispositions. Similarly Fishbein (1990) and Anderson (2007) emphasise that biological factors are crucial in determining individual behaviour but also that the environment may largely affect these factors. In other words criminals can be seen as the product the environment they are exposed to. Good support for both of these ideas can be seen in substance abuse crimes such as alcohol fuelled violence and high crime rates in specific geographic areas. Psychological Factors: Psychological positivism focus’s internally on the personality types and typologies which compose individuals. Gibbons (1977) exemplifies that looking at psychology behind deviant behaviour involves exploring the unconscientious mind and the way it shapes our experiences. Biosocial Approach: Biosocial positivism refers to the acceptance of both biological and psychological factors influencing behaviour as opposed to making a distinction between the two. From this point of view behaviour can be seen as the product of nature vs. nurture, Eysneck (1984) suggested the idea that behaviour can be explained by the combination of biological and environmental influences. Strengths and weaknesses: A strong point of the positivist approach is that it transcends the notion that people are always and indefinitely in control of their actions. Furthermore it acknowledges the existence of individual difference and emphasises the need for individualised treatment. A problem with the theory is that large amount of power is placed at the mercy of selective experts whose perceptions of intervention may vary greatly. An example of this arises when attempting early intervention with those who are predisposed to crime. If intervention should take place before deviance the questions which arise are; how early should we do this? Who is to do it? And should we trust them? Dyzenhaus (2004) exemplifies this by drawing on positivism as a political tradition which rejects the connection between common law and morality. He states that when positivist judges are forced to operate with the parameters of common law they are forced to constrain themselves and as such impair their judgement. Why does crime still exist? Positivists emphasise the role of external and individual forces in shaping our behaviour. In essence the positivist perspective argues that individuals are not actually in control of their behaviour but rather at the mercy of the various biological and or psychological determinants influencing them. Thus positivism cannot rid society of crime because it acknowledges that we are vulnerable individuals who cannot necessarily control our actions or our fate. Conclusion: Positivism rears the source of criminality within the idea that people are basically self-seeking. Positivism places its focus on the importance of external and internal determinants of crime and criminality. Both theories provide plausible explanations for crime but none are able to readily remove it from society. This is primarily due to the fact that these theories are mere attempts to understand and define crime as opposed to resolving it.

Mgt 401 Week 2 Essay

Business Model Comparison Most small businesses require some outside funding. Not many entrepreneurs have enough personal capital to open and maintain funding for a business. To attract investors and attain partnerships, a business owner should consider a business model necessary. This paper will compare two restaurant businesses, identify the business model and forms of ownership for each business by completing a Comparison of Business matrix, describe benefits by building a sustainable competitive advantage, and giving advantages and disadvantages of each business ownership. Great introduction. You state the purpose and what you plan to address! McDonald’s restaurants are among the most recognizable in the world. Their quintessential arches can be identified in almost every country. This fast-food mogul is one of the biggest and most profitable corporations in the industry (what industry? Make sure you provide information on the restaurant industry). Serving as a polar opposite is Datillo’s restaurant in Hemet, California. This small restaurant is known as the only fine dining experience in town and has only one location. The companies both represent the polar opposites of forms of business ownership. Comparison of Businesses Matrix |Comparison Items |McDonald’s |Datillo’s | | |Fast food, low quality, low prices. |Sit-down restaurant, high quality, and | | | |mid-level prices | |Value Proposition |â€Å"We place the customer experience at the core|â€Å"Welcome home, here you can enjoy a casual | | |of all we do† |lunch or dinner in a warm, festive | | | (â€Å"Values In Action†, 2013). |atmosphere.† | | | | (â€Å"Datillo’s Ristorante: About Us†, 2013). | |Target Market |All Markets, all classes |All Markets, all classes | |Value Chain |Attractive to people looking for inexpensive |Attractive to people looking for a fine dining| | |and fast food. Fast growth rate. |experience. Can compete with rivals on quality| | | |and service. | |Revenue |In 2012 gross income was $27.6 Billion. |In 2012 gross income was | | | |$459,000. | |Position |More opportunity for expansion and |Unique cuisine (niche) offers competitive | | |competitive advatange |advantage, less opportu nity for expansion | |Competitive Strategy |Serving food at the lowest possible price |Only fine dining in town. Authentic Italian | | |while reserving as much quality. Also reliant|food, very high quality products. | | |on nostalgia to bring customers back. | | |Form of Ownership |Corporation: When a business is owned by |Sole Proprietorship: a business that is owned | | |multiple people and run by lower-lying |and managed by one person. | | |managers and employees. | | Good information! Benefits To Building A Competitive Advantage When evaluating the benefits of each business, it is important to consider the size of each business. As an example, both sole proprietorships and partnerships are relatively small in size and may perhaps provide more personalized service to each of their clients. In many businesses, customers appreciate personalized service and may in turn hire small businesses for that service. On the other hand, a larger business, like McDonald’s, typically is composed of more resources and may offer the prospective customer a lower price. Another competitive advantage of a smaller business, like Datillo’s, is the ability to provide customers with a higher level of quality. Because customers of small businesses deal more closely with a ‘tight nit’ group of employees, the quality and service provided to the customer is much greater than a larger corporation composed of numerous locations. Both small and large businesses each have distinct advantages that enable them each to thrive. Although some customers may appreciate the more personalized service of small businesses, others may prefer a lower price and a larger name brand. Make sure paragraphs are a minimum of 3 sentences! Advantages and Disadvantages of Business Ownership McDonald is known for the quality the restaurant serves, and the opportunities the McDonald restaurant offer. McDonald’s has been number one in the fast-food market in the United States, and the most memorable brands, products, and mascots. McDonald’s franchise owner can be safer than lesser-known franchises because the McDonald’s name and operational model comes packaged with its own legion of loyal customers and industry-best practices for restaurant success. A franchise store such as McDonald’s can help business owners to achieve financial independence by associating with an international powerhouse that can almost guarantee a certain degree of success. Another advantages of McDonald have is that McDonald’s cis that they can invest behind any market research it does and eliminates the need for a franchisee to do expensive research. Although McDonald it has its advantages, there are disadvantages associate with McDonald’s. The restaurants have been target in a battle against what has been term the obesity epidemic, casting McDonald’s outlets along with their owners in a highly negative light in the media, and their communities. McDonald’s and its peers respond to this negativity by attempting to add healthy options to their menu, but the stigma is likely to linger. One of the advantages Dattilo’s Restaurants is that the restaurant’s offers an extensive classic Italian menu, comprised of items made from locally sourced premium quality ing redients, cooked to order for each guest. The restaurant uses authentic and healthy Italian accent. Dattilo’s also offers Internet special discounts and family gathering for its customers (Dattilo’s Ristorante, 2013). The disadvantage is Dattilo’s restaurant location are limited, the restaurant has not expanded their services statewide. Confusing sentence, consider rewording! Conclusion A business model is one essential factor in the success of a business. The business models of McDonald’s and Dattilo’s are much different but both successful. McDonald’s is a major corporation with thousands of locations and Dattilo’s with just one, but both have been in business for many years. There are advantages and disadvantages of both types of businesses, but regardless building a sustainable competitive advantage is achievable. The two restaurants compared in this paper offer different levels of quality, service, and cuisine, thus requiring a different level of ownership that each business model relays. References Datillo’s Ristorante: (2013).About Us, 2013, rRetrieved from: http://dattiloristorante.com/?page_id=8 McDonald’s: Values in Action, 2013, retrieved from: http://www.mcdonalds.com/us/en/home.html |Content and Organization |Points |Comments: | |70 Percent |Earned: 6.5 | | |Profile of a Small Business (Week 2) | |All key elements of the | | | |assignment are | | | |covered†¦good job! | | |Y | | | | | | | | |You clearly identify the| | | |two businesses but make | | |Y |sure you clearly | | | |identify the industry. | | | | | | |N |Good job explaining the | | | |advantages and | | | |disadvantages. | | |N | | | | |Make sure you provide | | | |academic and business | | | |research to validate | | | |your thoughts and | | |Y |opinions. | | | | | | | | | | | |Your introduction | | | |clearly states your | | | |purpose and what you | | | |plan to address. | | |Y | | | | | | | | |Your conclusion needs to| | | |review the major points | | |Y |of the paper- good job | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Y | | | | | | | | | | | |Y | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Y | | |All key elements of the assignment are covered in a substantive way. | | | |700 to 1050 word count | | | |The content is comprehensive, accurate, and/or persuasive. | | | |The paper develops a central theme or idea, directed toward the appropriate | | | |audience. | | | |The paper links theory to relevant examples of current experience and industry | | | |practice and uses the vocabulary of the theory correctly. | | | |Major points are stated clearly; are supported by specific details, examples, | | | |or analysis; and are organized logically. | | | | | | | |Identify an industry with which you are familiar, and then choose two | | | |businesses in that industry. | | | | | | | |Identify the business model and forms of ownership for each business, then | | | |complete the Comparison of Businesses Matrix. | | | | | | | |Describe benefits associated with each business by evaluating how they built a | | | |sustainable competitive advantage. | | | | | | | |Explain advantages and disadvantages of each business’s ownership. | | | |The introduction provides sufficient background on the topic and previews major| | | |points. | | | |The conclusion is logical, flows from the body of the paper, and reviews the | | | |major points. | | | | | | | |Readability and Style |Points Earned: 1.5 |Comments: | |15 Percent | | | | | |Great job†¦your sentences| | | |are well-written and | | |Y |error free. | | | | | | |Y | | | | | | | |Y | | | | | | | |Y | | | | | | | | | | | |Y | | |Paragraph transitions are present and logical and maintain the flow throughout | | | |the paper. | | | |The tone is appropriate to the content and assignment. | | | |Sentences are complete, clear, and concise. | | | |Sentences are well-constructed, with consistently strong, varied sentences. | | | |Sentence transitions are present and maintain the flow of thought. | | | | | | | |Mechanics |Points |Comments: | |15 Percent |Earned: 1 | | | | | | | | |Research adds validity | | |N |to your thoughts and | | | |ideas. Continue to | | | |expand your use. You | | |N |provide no business | | | |research or materials | | |N |from class. | | |Y |Ensure paragraphs are | | | |complete thoughts and | | |Y |flow into each section. | | | | | | | | | | | |Please continue to | | | |review the CWE and APA | | | |guidelines. | |The paper, including the title page, reference page, tables, and appendices, | | | |follow APA guidelines for format. | | | |Citations of original works within the body of the paper follow APA guidelines.| | | |The paper is laid out with effective use of headings, font styles, and white | | | |space. | | | |Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed. | | | |Spelling is correct. | | | | | | | | | |Comments: | | | |Great work team! | | |Points earned: |9 |

Convergence between GAAP and IFRS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Convergence between GAAP and IFRS - Essay Example Furthermore, consideration in respect of financial statement presentation and business combination is required significant convergence (Kaiser et al., 2012). Challenges and Benefits of Convergence As far as the convergence is concerned, it can be observed that US public listed companies will be benefitted more if they adopt IFRS as an obligation from SEC. There are various difficulties as well as benefits of adoption of IFRS as a means of convergence. The major difficulty that may arise due to such convergence is the transition of financial statements from US GAAP to IFRS. The transition will cause a significant change in both the financial performance and financial position of the entities. There is likelihood that the entities may not be able to present better financial results due to such convergence which, otherwise they would have presented in case of applying US GAAP. However, the advantages of convergence still supersede the challenge of transition of IFRS by US listed entitie s. Some of these advantages are discussed as under: The first and foremost advantage of convergence to a single accounting framework is the comparability. The benefit of comparability can be illustrated through an example. For instance, if a US entity plans to be merged with a European counterpart, the issue arising for both the firms would be of comparability. The US firm would be following US GAAP and European firm would be applying IFRS. In such case, both the financial statements cannot be matched with each other, as the accounting frameworks are different. Under US GAAP, inventories are valued at LIFO whereas IFRS asks the entities to use FIFO. For that matter, one of the entities would have to translate its financial statements according to the counterparty’s accounting standards. The element of comparability can facilitate the international investors especially those who are interested in the stocks of listed entities. The uniformity of the accounting framework across the globe can help them interpret and compare the financial statements of those companies which are located in different geographical boundaries (Shamrock, 2012). This would make the financial statements more comparable across the globe and would result in an increasing investors’ base. Comparability of financial statements can lead to increase in the inclination of international investors to participate actively in the global equity markets as this step can simplify the cross border investments along with amalgamation of different equity markets. Increased liquidity and reduced cost of funds are the additional benefits that can be reaped through comparability. In short, there would be increased access available to the US MNCs to reach across the globe and utilize their resources in an efficient manner. The second most important benefit available to US entities regarding the adoption of IFRS is the reduced cost of financial reporting. Since these are the costs which US multin ational companies have to face because their operations are spread widely across the globe and they have to prepare and translate the financial statements as per jurisdiction’s applicable financial reporting framework, thus causing increased cost of financial reporting. If US entities are obligated to adopt IFRS, it would result in the

Chapter 1 only Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter 1 only - Essay Example They, therefore, had to adjust to the changing environment as they scatter across North America. They consequently developed innovative food sources. These were the smaller mammals, nuts, fish and berries. They also learned how to cultivate new plants like the corn, squash and beans. This is what is known as the agricultural revolution which the shift to essential crops. The shift took place in the southwest before the Atlantic coast, overwhelmingly changing the indigenous American societies. The nomadic people were liberated from the hunting and gathering insecurities by the availability of reliable food (Brands 4). This led to the production of ceramics technology for storing grain. This also led to the people permanently building villages and increase in population size. In conclusion, the enormous distances and diverse climates of North America led to the vast diversity of human culture and the advancement of new strategies for coping with their exceptional environments. They build a complex society to uphold the sophisticated system of irrigation canals to overcome aridity of the desert

Roman Empire collapse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Roman Empire collapse - Essay Example This made it default for the Roman economy to function. Secondly, during this period, the military was in total disarray. The generals had become indiscipline and disloyal. Most of the generals were pursuing personal ambitions either to be named emperor or become ‘Master of Soldiers.’ This brought disunity in the army, and this greatly weakened the empire which drew much of its strength from the army. For example, Constantine II and Constans are two emperors who openly fought each other (Fergusson, 4). Roman soldiers were giving their allegiance to those commanders they supported and not to Rome. The government was forced to hire foreign soldiers who had no sense of loyalty. In addition, the general public became less patriotic, and no one was willing to defend the empire. Finally, the heavy taxes imposed on the poor citizens created class divisions, and the people’s loyalty to the government faded (Fergusson, 5). Many felt that the government was oppressing them, and this further increased the tension in the empire. The anger of the population was demonstrated through revolts, and this forced the government to use its military resources to quell the revolts. The internal conflicts made it difficult for the government to survive amid reduced

Comunication Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comunication Disorder - Essay Example This includes the difficulty in communicating our feelings and emotions with others. Such disorders not only affect our communicating ability, but also reduces our relationship with others. With this small introduction, now let us move on to the next part where we shall discuss about a specific communication disorder. In order to have a clear idea about this communication disorder, we shall begin with the definition of the term 'autism'. Autism is really a brain development disorder that affects our behavior in terms of communication, understanding and so on. It normally begins as a childhood disorder. How this occurs or the actual cause of it is not understood, but it is quite clear that it has a strong biological and genetic connection. Though this disorder leads to many problems like unequal social interaction, impairments in communication, restricted interests and repetitive behavior, as far as this paper is concerned the focus is on the effects of autism in communication. Autism affects and prevents the progression of good communication by decreasing the natural flow of speech. It prevents the growth of communicating skills. Some symptoms include delayed onset of babbling, unusual gestures, diminished responsiveness. Individuals affected with this disorder find it difficult with consonants, words and word combinations. Sometimes their gestures are less often integrated with words.

Ciminal law 1 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ciminal law 1 - Case Study Example Murder is unlawful homicide committed with 'malice aforethought' with the penalty of mandatory life imprisonment. 'Malice aforethought' describes the mens rea for a conviction of murder. Here it is necessary to consider that Drew had no 'malice aforethought' to killing Sam, who delivers the parcel, which consists of a letter bomb. Sam and a pedestrian was the victim of the bomb explosion. In Draft Criminal Code (Law Com. No. 177), the Law Commission recommended a change in the law. Clause 54 provides that a person is guilty of murder if he causes death of another intending to cause death or intending to cause serious personal harm and being aware that he may cause death. Colin was, in fact, an off-duty police officer. He was driving his family to Dover for they were going on holiday. Colin got back into his car and continued driving. The principle is that 'one must take one's victim as one finds them'. In Dytham6, D, a police constable, was on duty in uniform near a club when a man was ejected from the club and kicked to death by a 'bouncer'. D took no steps to intervene and when the incident was over he drove off having told a by stander that he was going of duty. D was charged with the common law offence of misconduct whilst acting as an offence of justice, in that he had wilfully and without reasonable excuse or justification neglected to perform his duty to preserve the Queen's Peace and to protect the person of the deceased or arrest his assailants or otherwise bring them to justice. The CA upholds his conviction. However, D was convicted not for his positive act. Place reliance on a passage in Stephen's Digest of Criminal Law, which stated: 'Every public officer commits a misdemeanour who wilfully neglects to perform any duty which he is bound either by common law or by statute to perform provided that the discharge of such a duty is not attended with grater danger than a man of ordinary firmness and activity may be expected to encounter.' English law, unlike many other systems, does not impose on people a general duty to take positive action to assist people in difficulties or to avert harm, even if they are physically well capable of doing so. However, there is a very wide area of uncertainty. If there is a moral obligation to assist people in difficulty or danger, Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead and Lord Hoffmann in Stovin v Wise7, discuss why there is no legal obligation. In The Ogopogo 8the defendant had invited the claimant as a guest on his yacht. He accidentally fell overboard. D was not a mere bystander and was held to have a duty to reasonable care to save the claimant. In Goldman v Hargrave 9 may not have to show the care of a reasonable person, but only have to do what he is capable of, given his health and resources D was liable for his negative act. This is not difficult to apply when the D has undertaken an on going responsibility, in the course of which the omission occurs [Henderson v Merrett Syndicates10] and Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co11. To identify there liability it is necessary to consider few relevant case. R v Yaqoob 12 considered a partner in a taxi firm who was responsible for making all necessary arrangements for the inspection and maintenance of a minibus

Processes of manufacturing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Processes of manufacturing - Assignment Example 3. In casting, the grain structures are not aligned parallel to one another, but are random in alignment. In forming, the grains are aligned to one direction and are closely packed, which impacts greater strength. 4. Forging techniques used are open forging that involves heating the material and hammering it on an anvil; drop forging which involves forging material in a die using a hammer or impacting force; press forging, which involves the use of pressure to force materials into a die; roll forging, which requires the use of rollers and cold forging, which is best suited for smaller objects and involves extrusion through a die. 8. Pipe forming may be achieved through ram style bending, which involves resting the pipe at two internal points and having a rim pressing on the central axis to deform. Rotary draw bending involves drawing the pipe through stationery counter die into the required radius. Ring roll bending involves bending pipes to a large radius or circumferences. 4. Machines for bending angles include rotary-draw for tubes and pipes, push-roll machines, which accommodate roll formed and rotary –draw bends in a single operation and compression machines for heavy materials. 8. Deep drawing involves a work piece deforming in a larger dimension than its diameter. In shallow drawing, the depth of draw is much less than the smallest measurement of the opening. In flexible die, a flexible material replaces one of the dies. The method involves the use of materials such as rubber as the flexible material. 1. Injection and extrusion moulding used for small items, vacuum forming used to form thin sheets of plastic, press forming which uses positive and negative moulds with a plastic sheet between and blow moulding for bottles. 4. Advantages. It involves high speeds production, versatile in producing a wide range of products, good dimensional stability. Disadvantages. Delicate to

MARKETING ESSAY QUESTION Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MARKETING QUESTION - Essay Example 538). Most marketers today are experiencing difficulties with effective and systematic planning due to a number of market forces such as globalization, fierce competition among market players, radical changes in technology and changing consumer behavior. This piece of research work presents a brief study on systematic approach to marketing planning from the perspective of contemporary international marketing contexts. This paper reviews relevant literatures to critically evaluate the statement â€Å"A systematic approach to marketing planning is essential to successfully inform the marketing decisions made within a contemporary international company†. Marketing planning Planning is basically a systematized method of relating to the future (Cateora and Graham, 2007, p. 317) and therefore many literatures have considered marketing planning as all rational, incremental and intuitive processes that guides a firm’s marketing activities to its future (Greenley, Hooley and Sau nders, 2004, p. 933). Dibb and Simkin (1996, p. 3) who provided a clear and systematic approach to marketing planning defined it as a systematic process that involves assessing marketing opportunities and resources, determines marketing goals and develops future plan for implementation and control. Traditionally, literatures described marketing planning as a model of logical-sequential decision making that incorporates a firm’s objectives, strategies, tactics and control. Greenley, Hooley and Saunders (2004, p. 933) pointed that this explanation to marketing planning has focused on what marketing planning decisions could be and not on how they could be made. They emphasized that marketing planning is used to pursue dynamic marketing opportunities in order to guide a firm’s marketing to its future. In today’s rigorously competitive marketing contexts, market opportunities keep on changing and hence firms need to adopt their plans with a view to pursue these dynam ic opportunities. Marketing planning involves deciding on significant marketing strategies that help the firm achieve its overall strategic objectives and future goals. A marketing planning is required for each business, each product and each brand (Armstrong and Kotler, 2005, p. 59). A Systematic approach to Marketing Planning A systematic approach to marketing planning has been considered to be the most difficult of all marketing tasks since it involves bringing together all the various marketing elements in to coherent and realistic plan (McDonald, 2007, p. 9). A systematic marketing planning necessarily requires certain degree of organizational procedures and compromise between conflicting objectives. McDonald (1992, p. 5) identified ‘lack of systematic approach to marketing planning’ as one of the most difficult barriers to marketing planning. Marketers need to design and implement most appropriate planning system for their firms. As McDonald (1992, p. 14) pointed, a marketing planning system is essential to ensure that all key issues are systematically

English Language Article Comparison Essay Example for Free

English Language Article Comparison Essay In this piece of work I will be comparing two articles from newspapers. Both the articles are about the same story and were printed on the same day (Tuesday October 13th 1998), however they are from two different newspapers. One of them is from The Sun and the other from The Telegraph, the main difference between these two papers is that The Sun is a tabloid and The Telegraph is a broadsheet. Throughout this piece of work I will try to examine the difference in their attitudes towards writing news due to this variation in category of newspaper. The article concerns dogs that were at a police dog training unit, the instructor allegedly forced a handler to kick and hang the dogs, one of the dogs involved died. The first and most distinctive thing you realise about these two stories is the difference in headlines. Firstly in The Telegraph the height of the letters involved is only approximately 1cm where as in The Sun it is 2. 6cm. This clearly shows that The Sun wants to make a larger impact and draw your attention to that particular story. Other points about the headlines that back this up are the style of writing. In The Telegraph the headline has been written in serif, this means that the editor has decided to use a font which includes small decorative lines at the ends of letters, however The Suns headline is in sans serif and so doesnt have these lines. This makes the letters much more sharp, and right-angled this gives a hard feel to the words and helps attract readers. Another way the editor has used the headline to attract the reader in The Sun is by using block capitals, this instantly makes the letters bigger, stand out and coupled with the words being in bold black and sans serif gives a real shock effect. A similarity between these two headlines though is that they both use quotes, this makes it sound and feel more real to a reader because it says exactly what actual people said and after having read the subheadline, probably what they said in court. However, I personally feel that the main difference is the actual words that have been used. The Suns headline is much more emotive, it uses words such as cruel, kick and death. These words will instantly capture people and conjure up images that will stir their imagination and make them want to read on. Not only this but the headline also reads kick his own dog to death, this makes it seem even worse because it wasnt a dog belonging to the police but his own family pet. It makes the whole thing seem even more cruel and will once again make people more interested in the story, especially for people who have pet dogs. However, The Telegraph is much more informative and factual, it makes a statement about what happened without going into detail about the emotions of it. It says; Police told to kick and punch dogs, although it does uses words such as kick and punch it uses them in a way to inform what the police had been told to do and doesnt go into detail about what the trainer was like. I also feel an interesting thing to also look at is the use of made and told in these two headlines. When The Sun says made cop kick his own god to death it uses made to incriminate the trainers, it makes it sound like the policemen didnt have a choice and that the whole incident was the trainers fault. Whereas The Telegraph uses told, this is much more informative and is simply saying what happened, there is no emotional influence in the way The Telegraph have written this headline. The subheadlines are also quite interesting, firstly their placing, The Telegraph has decided to place the subheadline before the main headline and in The Sun it has been placed after the headline. This may have been done for a number of reasons. In The Telegraph the subheadline reads; German Shepard died after punishment, court told this subheadline has probably been used to give the reader a bit more information about the story before they read on like the type of dog involved and the fact that the dog died. In The Sun they have decided to put the information that the dog died in their headline and the fact it was a German Shepard isnt mentioned in The Sun at all. On to The Suns subheadline and it simply reads Jury told of punishment this has been put after the headline to inform the reader of where the quote of the headline came from. As well as this in The Sun not only does it have a subheadline after the headline, it also has other subheadlines throughout the story to introduce new parts of the article and to split it into three parts; the extra subheadlines are Warned and Shaking. These words are actually used in the section of the article they introduce so that the reader will want to continue. You notice these words and they stand out because they are very expressive and they give you information about what is going to happen in the article even if you dont read on. I also feel that The Sun has used these particular words to good use, if you didnt have time to read the whole article and only read the headline and these subheadlines you would leave with a very strong feeling of hatred towards the trainers. Not only with words like made which I have already explained, but when it is followed by a subheadline of warned it makes you feel as though the police were threatened by the trainers and were warned by them to do nothing wrong. I personally feel that The Telegraph has a more hard-hitting headline for a particular reason. The Sun has made its main headline strike out of the page and really make you read on, this means they have put a simple subheadline so as not to overshadow the headline. Whereas The Telegraph has done it the other way around, their headline is not so hard-hitting so the editor has decided to include an emotive subheadline to aid the reader in being interested in the story and to red on. After having seen the headlines and been attracted to the story you begin to read the main text. Straight away in the hook paragraph you can see differences in the papers attitudes. Firstly, and most obviously the fact that in The Sun the first paragraph has been written in bold, and simply written normally in The Telegraph. Once again it seems that The Sun has been much more emotive in its approach. Words such as forced and kicked it are used, not only this but the word DIED is written in block capitals, this is to emphasise the word and everything it means and the horror of what happened to the dogs. Words used in The Telegraph are very interesting. The first line explains that the dogs were chastised, it is interesting they should use this word because although it is hard hitting it probably doesnt have the same effect on you as kicking (which is in The Sun). However The Telegraph does say that dogs were hung helplessly from a wall by their leads this is then followed by a court was told yesterday it is as though The Telegraph wants to remain on the fence by simply stating what was said but at the same time drumming up emotion in the reader and making them read on, all in all The Sun is more opinionated and The Telegraph is trying as best it can to stay factual. A similarity between the two stories is the use of quotation. Both articles have many quotes from the police officers and trainers in question and almost all of the quotes were said in court. This could well be because on the day these two articles were published the case was still in court and they had little else to go on than this. Also the writer of the article in The Sun has done something slightly unusual in that he has decided to put some paragraphs into italics. This is almost certainly to draw the readers attention to that part of the story and make them read and think about it a different way. There are three paragraphs throughout the article that are in italics and out of these two of them focus on the cruelty to the animals, they go into detail about the way in which this happened and how the dogs reacted to it. The third paragraph describes how two of the handlers left in protest to what was going on before the dog died. Both these points are quite significant to the overall story and you can see why the writer may well have wanted the reader to be more aware of these facts that perhaps other points. Another point that I have found very interesting is sentence type used in both articles. It is normal for newspapers to use a lot of declarative sentences, these help the reporter to get across to the reader all the important information quickly and easily. An example from The Sun would be; PC James English told the court his dog Tazz had been hanged for growling and The Telegraph; Trainers at the police dog unit, based at Sandon, Chelmsford, Essex. However, differences occur between the newspapers when you look at the use of complex sentences, these are more rarely used in papers as they are longer and are not so dramatic. However, as you would except it is The Telegraph that has used a couple but The Sun has used a lot fewer. As I have already described, The Telegraph is a more up-market paper and is aimed towards a sector of society who appreciate this sort of writing whereas The Sun is not. In fact a complex sentence has been used in The Telegraph to say the same as my last quotation of a declarative sentence from The Sun; PC James English said his dog, Tazz was twice subjected to the hanging method after he had growled during training.

Studying Abroad Essay Example for Free

Studying Abroad Essay Having a strong education is the best way to ensure a good future and fulfillng dreams. Therefore, I feel it is important to pursure my higher studies and have decided to study abroad, in particular. I have applied for this scholarship and chosen my major for the following reasons: to gain education of high quality, to get better employment opportunities, and to learn more about other cultures. The first reason for choosing to study IS is to gain education of high quality. As we all know, Europe is famous for the education that is provided by its strong universities, best professors, successful educational systems and methods. Graduating from prestigious colleges or universities like that is often regarded as an achievement in itself. Furthermore, a degree from a good foreign university always adds up to ones resume. Secondly, due to the lack of specialists in this major in my country, it is considered an advantage for me to have chosen to study IS because it will result in getting better employment opportunities. With the knowledge that I get from studying in such a field and applying ehat I have learned, I will have an added advantage over others. Last but not least, it is an exciting advanture to study out in a completely new enviroment. It will enable me to mature quickly and develop independence. For instance, joining the university will be the first experience to adjust to living away from family and friendes. Though there will be many difficulties like culture or lack of proficiency in laguage, Ill learn how to live on my own and look after myself after overcoming them. In conclusion, my desire to study abroad is based on getting best level education in the world, being offered better job chances, and experiencing new things. However, it does not mean that one can get this knowledge and experience just by going abroad to study. He / She must choose carefully which college to study in, and struggle for what he/she is longing for to improve oneself and ones country.

Person centred theory and its application in practice

Person centred theory and its application in practice Person-centred therapy is one of the humanistic approaches and derives from the work of Carl Rogers. It is based on the assumption each individual/client has the potential to understand themselves and the ability to solve their own problems. Rogers (1953/1967 p92, cited in Embleton Tudor et al 2004) firmly believed that, the inner core of mans personality is the organism itself, which essentially is both self-preserving and social and through this belief Rogers developed several key theoretical concepts of the person-centred approach. The organismic self, as Rogers saw it, is the human being, the sensory, bodily and visceral functions (Embleton Tudor et al 2004). The organismic self is essentially trustworthy and strives to grow and achieve its full potential, it experiences the inner feelings and deep seated desires and knows what it needs, both mentally and physically from the environment and other people in order to develop to its full potential. The tendency towards growth is known as the actualising tendency. Rogerss theory suggests that it is in human nature to grow, as it is for a plant, an example Rogers used to explain his theory. A plant does not need to be made to grow, it is innate. Given the right conditions the plant will thrive to be the best that it can be. As with people, if they are given the right conditions they will thrive to reach their potential and become the best person they can be (Embleton Tudor et al 2004). However, for people it means more than just growth and survival, it is the satis faction of physical and psychological needs. This theory was also supported by Abraham Maslow (1970, cited in Bernstein et al 2003), who developed a hierarchy of motives that need to be satisfied in order to reach self-actualisation. In essence the hierarchy can be split into two levels; physiological needs such oxygen, food, keeping warm, avoiding danger etc and psychological needs such as love, acceptance, and respect will lead to self actualisation (Bernstein et al 2003). Rogers believed that in order to satisfy the actualising tendency, we need to have experiences that will enable us to grow, and be able to accept these experiences into our self-structure and awareness (Tolan 2003). Rogers suggested that the environment an individual finds themselves in is the only constraint on the actualizing tendency (Thorne 2006) and the progress of people whose experiences of the self become distorted is likely to slowed or even stopped. The need for positive regard and approval from others can become overwhelming and eventually could take precedence over the thoughts and feelings of the organismic self. Rogers saw that from an early age children learn to need other peoples approval, or positive regard and the child will evaluate themselves as good for having earned approval. However, if a behaviour arising from what the individual is actually experiencing fails to earn positive regard then a conflict arises. The individual must either do without the positive regard or re-evaluate the self-experience and change their behaviour in order to receive positive feedback (Bernstein 2003). These experiences form the self-concept, which is the way that individual thinks of them. The self-concept is another key concept of the person-centred approach. It is the individuals conceptual representation of themselves, developed over time and is mainly dependent on the attitudes and behaviour of significant people in an individuals life and the environment they are in. Once a self-concept is established it is usually reinforced through behaviour that will elicit approval and suppress feelings, though ts or behaviours that bring about negative judgment from others. Experiences which challenge the self-concept are likely to be distorted or even denied altogether in order to preserve it. (Thorne, 1996). Difficulties can occur if a persons overwhelming need for positive regard from others is not met or is conditional upon their behaviour. Psychological disturbance occurs when the individuals self-concept contradicts with the thoughts or feelings that the individual organismically experiences (Mearns and Thorne, 2008). The ability to weigh up and to value experiences positively or negatively is known as the organismic valuing process. It is a fluid process by which experiences are valued according to how beneficial they are for enhancing towards self-actualisation. This means that experiences which are beneficial are sought after, however, experiences that are not seen as beneficial are valued as bad and avoided, this can lead to a distrust or disassociation with the organismic self (Mearns and Thorne 2008). The distrust in the organismic self can also be due to repeated messages that an individual has received or perceived from their environment. When we take something in from our environment, such as we evaluate it in relation to our internal valuing process, this kind of internalisation is called introjection. Introjects are the beliefs, attitudes, judgements or values of another person which are taken into the individual and become part of their self-concept (Thorne, 1996). By seeking approval from others individuals will introject attitudes or beliefs that are contradictory to their own feelings. When we take in something that doesnt fit into our self-concept we may reject it, or we may deny or distort some other aspect of our experience. In a therapeutic setting introjects can usually be identified by statements such as I ought to be or I should this can lead to a negative self-concept and cause the individual to become incongruent. (Tudor Embleton 2004). The organismic valuing process can also be disturbed by self-concepts that have been based on conditional positive regard, or conditions of worth. Conditions of worth are the feelings an individual experiences when the person is evaluated, instead of the persons behaviour. When the significant people in a persons life appear to value certain aspects of a behaviour or trait, the individual also learns to do this. Subsequently the individual will seek out some experiences and avoid others because they have learned to regard themselves in a particular way, for example if a parent says to their child I dont like you when you cry, the child may learn not to cry even if they are feeling genuine distress. (Tudor Embleton et al 2004). Through conditions of worth and negative self-concepts an individual can lose touch which their organismic self and become reliant on others to dictate the actions, according to Rogers this person would have an external locus of evaluation. A person with an external locus of evaluation will usually have been surrounded by people who are critical and judgemental. In order to receive approval and positive regard the individual will develop ways to behave. This is usually contradictory to the organismic self, which ceases to be effective as a source of knowledge or guidance for the individual. As a result the individual begins to rely on others to make their decisions and loses touch with what they really think and feel. (Mearns and Thorne 2008). In a therapeutic setting a counsellor/therapist must be aware if a client is presenting with a highly externalised locus of evaluation, as the client could interpret what the therapist says as advice or validation for behaviour. For example: Client: I just dont know what to do, I want to be a good mum and spend time with my children, but I also want my own social life, thats not wrong is it? Therapist: So you feel by having a social life you arent being a good mum Client: Exactly, I feel I am being selfish. What should I do? This client is incongruent due to her inner desires to have a social life and the conflict with her self-concept of what a good mum should be. The client asks the therapist for their opinion, which also suggests an external locus of evaluation. In contrast to this is the internal locus of evaluation. Psychologically healthy people are those who have been fortunate to live be surrounded by people whose acceptance and approval has enabled them to develop self-concepts that allow them to be in touch with their deepest feelings and experiences (Mearns and Thorne 2008, p11). This will enable them to move towards what Rogers (1963, cited in Mearns and Thorne 2008) describes as a fully functioning person. A fully functioning person is open to experiences and is not overly concerned with the opinions of others. This person would be able to trust their own ability to know what is good or bad for their development, they would be able to listen to themselves and make their own decisions, this person would have an internal locus of evaluation. A significant moment in therapy is when a client recognises their inner feelings and begins to operate using an internal locus of evaluation. Importance of the therapeutic relationship In a speech at the University of Minnesota Rogers said: Therapy is not a matter of doing something about himself. It is instead a matter of freeing him for normal growth and development so that he can again move forward. (Rogers, 1942, p29, cited in Dryden Mytton, 1999, p75) A key difference from other types of therapy is that the person-centred approach is non-directive and a greater emphasis is placed on the quality of the relationship rather than the use of techniques. The personal qualities and attitudes of the therapist are often seen as more important than their formal education or qualifications. The person-centred approach believes that it is the therapeutic relationship that can liberate the client from blockages to the actualising tendency (Dryden Mytton 1999). The aim of the counsellor in the therapeutic relationship is to create conditions where the growth or actualising process is encouraged, in turn this will free the client from their restrictions created by conditions of worth and introjects and enable them to listen to their inner voice (Mearns and Thorne 2008). Rogers believed that in the therapeutic relationship clients, often for the first time, experience acceptance rather than evaluation and feel free to recognise their organismic self. The therapist does not create an assessment of the client, nor do they label the client, Rogers regarded this as detrimental as the labelling process places the evaluation in the hands of an expert. In person-centred counselling the client is viewed as the expert about him/herself and the therapist is the expert only in maintaining the attitudinal conditions in the relationship with the client, not as an expert on the client (Dryden Mytton 1999). If the therapist was to be viewed as the expert this would create a power imbalance in the relationship and the person-centred approach regards it as essential that the client realises that they can trust their own experiencing and the validity of their own perceptions. Thorne (1996) believed that those who gain the most from person-centred therapy are those who are willing to change and recognise their role and responsibility in the therapeutic process. The person-centred approach is process orientated and Rogers believed if certain necessary conditions are present then changes will occur and the process of growth can take place. Rogers listed what he regarded as the necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change (Rogers, 1957 p95, cited in Dryden Mytton 1999 p76): Two persons are in psychological contact. Rogers (1959) described this as the least or minimum experience which could be called a relationship (p. 207, cited in Embleton Tudor et al 2004) meaning that the therapist and client have to be mutually aware of each other before the process can begin. There does not need to be an emotional connection or closeness for there to be psychological contact, it is a simple contact between two persons (Rogers, 1959 p207, cited in Embleton Tudor et al 2004, p40). The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable and anxious. One implication of client incongruence being one of the necessary and sufficient conditions is that the client is needs to have some self-identified problem in order to be motivated to seek therapy. Furthermore, if the client is vulnerable to anxiety this, in theory, would motivate them to stay in the therapeutic relationship (Mearns and Thorne, 2008). The second person, whom we shall term the therapist, is congruent or integrated in the relationship. According to Rogers (1973, p186) congruence or genuineness is the realness of the therapist in the relationshipWhen the therapist is natural and spontaneous he seems to be most effective (cited in Mearns Thorne 2008 p119). Rogers believed that if the therapist was outwardly showing warmth and acceptance, but was inwardly feeling irritation, the client would sense this and it would have a negative effect on the therapeutic relationship (Dryden Mytton 1999). Wilkins (1997) stated that the therapist needs to be open to their feelings and inner experiences, but does not need to communicate their feelings to the client (Embleton Tudor et al 2004). Congruence enables the client to be able to trust the experience of the counsellor, which in turn can help to establish a therapeutic relationship whereby the client feels genuinely understood and accepted (Tolan, 2003). The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard (UPR) for the client. UPR is the attitude of the therapist towards the client. If the therapist accepts the client unconditionally, without judgment, disapproval or approval. Bozworth (1996) argued that the clients experiencing of UPR is the most therapeutically effective of the necessary and sufficient conditions. The client does not need to distort their inner feelings to receive acceptance, therefore they can begin to become aware of organismic experiences and hopefully reduce the feelings of internal conflict (Embleton Tudor et al 2004). The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the clients internal frame of reference and endeavours to communicate this experience to the client. The key characteristic of empathy is being able to understand another persons subjective reality as they experience it. This requires an orientation toward the clients frame of reference (Cooper et al 2007). To be able to communicate empathically the therapist must accurately reflect what the content or affect of what the client conveyed, or the intended meaning of what was said. The importance of this is that it conveys to the client that the therapist understands what they are saying, it also gives the clients the opportunity to reflect on what they have said and the possibly find meaning in it (Josefwitz Myran 2005). The communication to the client of the therapists empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved. The therapist has a responsibility to communicate empathetic understanding and UPR to their client in order for the client to feel that they are in an environment where they are accepted and understood. Rogers (1957, p 99) stated unless some communication of these attitudes has been achieved, then such attitudes do not exist in the relationship as far as the client is concerned (cited in Embleton Tudor 2004, p44). The core conditions and the application of theory to practice Of the six necessary and sufficient conditions that have just briefly been described, congruence, UPR and empathy have come to be described as the core conditions. I shall describe these core conditions in more depth and aim to demonstrate their application in practice. Congruence Congruence can be described using terms such as, transparent, genuine or authentic, but the essence of congruence in a therapeutic relationship is that the therapist relates to the client in a way that reflects their inner awareness and feelings. The therapist should have an ongoing awareness of their experiencing (Mearns Thorne 2000). Rogers (1957) stressed that congruence is a state of being, and a therapist should only communicate their feelings when they are persistent and of great strength and when communication of them assists the therapeutic process. Result: Endeavouring to be so open the counsellor acts as a role model sending the message that its ok to feel and communicate feelings. In order to develop and maintain congruence counsellors need to constantly work at being aware of their underlying feelings and also to realise the importance of having supervision and working on their own personal growth.

Male Superiority In Math: Fact or Fiction? Essay -- Argumentative Pers

Male Superiority In Math: Fact or Fiction? One true mystery of mathematics is the small number of female mathematicians. When most people think of mathematicians, they automatically assume that they are male. This leads to the idea that boys are mathematically superior to girls, which has long been a popular belief. Recent studies, however, may prove this to be wrong. The fact is that there are numerous female mathematicians who have made very important contributions to the mathematical world throughout history. Although they may not be as famous as some other comparable male mathematicians, their work is very important simply because they did significant work in a field that has always been assumed a man’s domain for some reason or another. Despite this, they still worked on mathematics because of the importance that they place on it. One possible explanation of there being more male mathematicians than female is the place that a mathematician has in society. It is a very honorable career, but in the mind of a girl, it may seem undesirable, especially at a young age. Many girls think that being a mathematician is a man’s job. They also believe that if they study mathematics, guys may view them as being "braniacs," and give up studying math at a very young age, thereby limiting their futures and career choices. A study was conducted by Gilah C. Leder whose primary objective was to "examine whether the fear of success (FS) construct, which grew out of attempts to understand the conflicting sex-related findings in achievement motivation, was helpful in explaining observed sex differences in mathematics, achievement and course participation" (4). The study was conducted with 258 boys and 233 girls in various grades. ... ...ew mathematical careers in different ways, and they may have superiorities over each other in certain areas of mathematics. However, the fact that they are different by no means proves that one sex is better at mathematics than the other; if these studies prove anything, it is that girls indeed are equally good at mathematics as boys. Bibliography 1.Volpe, Betty. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School. http://www.nctm/org/mtms/1999/02/olympiad.htm. (10/26/99) 2.Fennema, Elizabeth. The Use of Spatial Visualization Mathematics by Girls and Boys. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 16(1985), 184. 3.Fennema, Elizabeth. Mathematics Learning and the Sexes: A Review. Journal for Research in Mathematics, 5 (1974), 126-139. 4.Leder, Gilah C. Mathematics Achievement and Fear of Success. Journal for Research in Mathematics, 13(1982), 124-135.

The Worldwide Popularity of Latin Music :: Arts

The Worldwide Popularity of Latin Music The most played and listened to music right now almost everywhere in the world is Latin music. It is especially characterized by its rhythm and its exotic instruments. (Revels-Bey) Nowadays, this kind of music is grabbing people’s attention especially in the marketing area because we can see that people are starting to use it in commercials, TV shows, movies, etc. Most people are ignorant of the origins of Latin Music. They just enjoy it but they never wonder how this pleasant music got its mixed sounds and styles together. Latin music has its root in the Moorish culture. This culture emerged when Christopher Columbus came to conquer the new world and he brought with him Moorish slaves into Latin America. The Moorish culture spread its rhythm and sounds among other countries. Its rhythm distinguished its music between other cultures. Moorish descendants used drums and songs in a way to communicate each other. After years, this music spread through all the islands of the Carribean making it their unique musical culture. Each Latin American country adopted some sounds from the Moorish to made their own style. (Revels-Bey) Latin music is a mix of different sounds, beats, and rhythms obtained from Spain and Latin America. The styles of Latin music are: el mambo, la rumba, la zarzuela, flamenco, el tango ,el merengue, la cumbia and salsa El mambo and the rumba are kind of similar in sounds but experts can distinguish them by their beats. They say that the mambo’s musical has unexpected beats and that the rumba starts with a group of improvised verses. La zarzuela and the flamenco are both folkloric music from Spain, but they differ in two points. La zarzuela is from Spanish opera and the flamenco has an influence of arabic and gypsy melodies. El tango is the music from Argentina and it’s characterized by its slow and soft rhythm. El merengue has a fast beat and a tropical rhythm and it started in the Dominican republic. The cumbia has a moderate to rapid melodious verses and choruses. Musicians play it with accordions and drums. Finally, la salsa became popular in Miami and New York and ità ¢â‚¬â„¢s characterized by the use of trumpets and other brass instruments. (Monkeyshines) One of the Latin music styles that most people around the world learn and like to dance to because of its contagious rhythm is Salsa. The Worldwide Popularity of Latin Music :: Arts The Worldwide Popularity of Latin Music The most played and listened to music right now almost everywhere in the world is Latin music. It is especially characterized by its rhythm and its exotic instruments. (Revels-Bey) Nowadays, this kind of music is grabbing people’s attention especially in the marketing area because we can see that people are starting to use it in commercials, TV shows, movies, etc. Most people are ignorant of the origins of Latin Music. They just enjoy it but they never wonder how this pleasant music got its mixed sounds and styles together. Latin music has its root in the Moorish culture. This culture emerged when Christopher Columbus came to conquer the new world and he brought with him Moorish slaves into Latin America. The Moorish culture spread its rhythm and sounds among other countries. Its rhythm distinguished its music between other cultures. Moorish descendants used drums and songs in a way to communicate each other. After years, this music spread through all the islands of the Carribean making it their unique musical culture. Each Latin American country adopted some sounds from the Moorish to made their own style. (Revels-Bey) Latin music is a mix of different sounds, beats, and rhythms obtained from Spain and Latin America. The styles of Latin music are: el mambo, la rumba, la zarzuela, flamenco, el tango ,el merengue, la cumbia and salsa El mambo and the rumba are kind of similar in sounds but experts can distinguish them by their beats. They say that the mambo’s musical has unexpected beats and that the rumba starts with a group of improvised verses. La zarzuela and the flamenco are both folkloric music from Spain, but they differ in two points. La zarzuela is from Spanish opera and the flamenco has an influence of arabic and gypsy melodies. El tango is the music from Argentina and it’s characterized by its slow and soft rhythm. El merengue has a fast beat and a tropical rhythm and it started in the Dominican republic. The cumbia has a moderate to rapid melodious verses and choruses. Musicians play it with accordions and drums. Finally, la salsa became popular in Miami and New York and ità ¢â‚¬â„¢s characterized by the use of trumpets and other brass instruments. (Monkeyshines) One of the Latin music styles that most people around the world learn and like to dance to because of its contagious rhythm is Salsa.

Hurricane Wilma :: essays research papers

Damage Hurricane Wilma is the most intense hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic Basin. The atmospheric pressure was 882 millibars on Wednesday, Oct.19 making it a category 5. Wilma was the 21st storm of the 2005 hurricane season. On Tuesday, Oct.18 the hurricane was a Category 1 hurricane. Hurricane Wilma came just a week after Hurricane Stan, affecting some of the same countries. By Friday, Hurricane Wilma had caused at least 11 deaths in Haiti and Jamaica. Mudslides were becoming a real threat, prompting evacuations in Central America, The Caribbean, and as far as the United States. Hurricane Wilma pounded the western tip of Cuba (figure 3), where the government had to evacuate more than 500,000 people, including 7,000 people from the coastal fishing village of La Coloma. At least one hurricane shelter in downtown Cancun had to evacuate. There were about 1,000 people that had to be moved during the night because the ceiling threatened to collapse. Hurricane Wilma then headed up toward the United States, aiming tworad Collier, Florida. It cost more than 6 billion dollars in damages [1 billion dollars was recorded in Collier, Florida] in Southwest Florida, making it the most damaging natural disaster in 45 years in Florida. Recovery The American Red Cross gave 4,500 hygiene kits to the Mexican Red Cross, and 2,000 hygiene kits to the Bahamas Red Cross Society. These kits include toothpaste, toothbrushes, soap, shampoo and other items. The kits are being sent from relief supplies that were already in Panama. Three months after Hurricane Wilma made landfall, over 300 million dollars had been approved for Florida residents who suffered damages from the disaster.

Compative Study on Nokia and Samsung

PROJECT REPORT ON COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN NOKIA AND SAMSUNG FOR YOUTH GENERATION Submitted By Sathya priya . V TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER| CONTENTS | PAGE. NO| 1| INTRODUCTION 1. 1. Overview of Industry as a whole 1. 2. Nokia- Profile of the Organization 1. 3 Samsung –Profile of the Organization | | 2 | 2. 1. Review of literature2. 2 . Significance2. 3. Managerial usefulness of the study2. 4. Comparative features of the study2. 5. Objectives2. 6. Scope of the Study2. 7. Limitation of the study| | 3. . 5. | REARCH METHODOLOGYDATA ANALYSIS FINDINGSANNEXUREAPPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY| | LIST OF TABLES S. NO| PARTICULARS| PAGE NO| 4. 1| Table showing Brands which are used by the respondents| | 4. 2| Table showing percentage of people who would like to buy a good brand mobile. | | 4. 3| Table showing brands which have the best battery backup. | | 4. 4| Table showing depicts the features that best suits brand. | | 4. 5| Table showing criteria on which Nokia is rated| | 4. 6| Table showin g criteria on which Sony Ericson is rated. | | 4. 7| Table showing criteria on which Micromax is rated. | 4. 8| Table showing criteria on which Black berry is rated. | | 4. 9| Table showing criteria on which Samsung is rated. | | 4. 10| Table showing Satisfaction level of service provided by Nokia service centre. | | 4. 11| Table showing depicts the features that best suits brand. | | 4. 12| Table showing the brands which have the better brand image. | | 4. 13| Table showing brands which have largest service network. | | 4. 14| Table showing satisfaction level of service provided by Samsung service center| | LIST OF CHART S. NO| PARTICULARS| PAGE NO| 4. | Chart showing brands which are used by the respondents| | 4. 2| Chart showing percentage of people who would like to buy a good brand mobile| | 4. 3| Chart showing shows brands which have the best battery backup. | | 4. 4| Chart showing the depicts the features that best suits brand. | | 4. 10| Chart showing Satisfaction level of s ervice provided by Nokia service centre. | | 4. 11| Chart showing depicts the features that best suits brand. | | 4. 12| Chart showing the brands which have the better brand image. | | 4. 13| Chart showing the brands which have the better brand image. | 4. 14| Chart showing satisfaction level of service provided by Samsung service center. | | CHAPTER-1- INTRODUCTION 1. 1OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRY AS A WHOLE In today's world, most people communicate through the use cellular phones. It's hard to believe that fifteen years ago cell phones were a rarity. Below is a history chronicling the dawn of the cell phone to its current state. 1843-Faraday exposed his great advances of nineteenth-century science and technology and his discoveries have had an incalculable effect on technical development toward cellular phone development. 1865 – Dr.Mahlon Loomis of Virginia, a dentist, may have been the first person to communicate through wireless via the atmosphere. Between 1866 and 1873 he transm itted telegraphic messages at a distance of 18 miles between the tops of Coshocton and Beorse Deer Mountains, Virginia. 1973 – Dr Martin Cooper is considered the inventor of the first portable handset. Dr. Cooper, former general manager for the systems division at Motorola, and the first person to make a call on a portable cellular phone. 1973 – Dr. Cooper set up a base station in New York with the first working prototype of a cellular telephone, the Motorola Dynastic.Mr. Cooper and Motorola took the phone technology to New York to show the public. 1977 – Cell phones go public. Public cell phone testing began. The city of Chicago was here the first trials began with 2000 customers and eventually other cell phone trials appeared in the Washington D. C. and Baltimore area. Japan began testing cellular phone service in 1979. 1988 – This year changed many of the technologies that had become typical in the past. The Cellular Technology Industry Association (CT IA) was developed to lay down practical goals for cellular phone providers.According to the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association, today there are more than 60 million customers with cellular phones, even though wireless service was just invented nearly 50 years ago. The cellular business was a $3 million market 25 years ago and has grown increasingly to close to a $30 billion per year industry 1. 2. NOKIA -PROFILE OF THE ORGANIZATION Nokia's history starts in 1865, Due to the European industrialization and the growing consumption of paper and cardboard Nokia soon became successful. Nokia’s Cable Work's Electronics department started to conduct research into semiconductor technology in the 1960? s.This was the beginning of Nokia’s journey into telecommunications. Nokia today is a world leader in mobile communications, driving the growth and sustainability of the broader mobility industry. Nokia connects people to each other and the information that matters t o them with easy-to-use and innovative products like mobile phones, devices and solutions for imaging, games, media and businesses. Nokia provides equipment, solutions and services for network operators and corporations. The company includes four business groups; Mobile Phones; Multimedia; Networks and Enterprise Solutions. In this project I will be focusing only on the mobile Phone usiness of Nokia in India. Nokia Corporation engages in the manufacture of mobile devices and mobile networks. It also provides equipment, solutions, and services for network operators, service providers, and corporations. The company operates in four segments: Mobile Phones, Multimedia, Enterprise Solutions, and Networks. The Mobile Phones segment offers mobile phones and devices based on GSM/EDGE, 3G/WCDMA, and CDMA cellular technologies. The Multimedia segment enables to create, access, and share multimedia in the form of advanced mobile multimedia computers and applications with connectivity over mul tiple technology standards.The Enterprise Solutions segment offers various products and solutions, including enterprise-grade mobile devices, underlying security infrastructure, software, and services for businesses and institutions. The Networks segment provides network infrastructure, communications, and networks service platforms, as well as professional services to operators and service providers. It focuses on the GSM family of radio technologies; networks with Internet Protocol and multi access capabilities; and professional services.The company also develops mobile WiMAX solutions. Nokia sells its products to operators, distributors, independent retailers, and corporate customers. It has its operations in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, China, the Asia-Pacific, North America, and Latin America. The company was founded in 1865 and is based in Espoo, Finland. Vision: Life Goes Mobile * Ten years ago, Nokia had a vision that seemed revolutionary for the times: Voice Goes Mobile ! As history shows, this vision became reality in an incredibly short amount of time. With more than 1. billion mobile phone subscriptions globally – and more mobile phones than fixed-line phones in use – shows that mobility has transformed the way people live their lives Business Mission: Connecting People * By connecting people, they help fulfill a fundamental human need for social connections and contact. Nokia builds bridges between people – both when they are far apart and face-to-face – and also bridges the gap between people and the information they need. As a market leader, the best contribution we can make to the global community is to conduct our business in a responsible way.This belief drives our commitment to creating ethically sound policies and principles that guide us in our work. Our Corporate Responsibility (CR) agenda is framed around the Nokia Values and is carried out in all aspects of our work to ensure customer satisfaction and resp ect, and also to assist us in embracing renewal and striving for achievement. By striving to include all members of Nokia's community in this process, we are demonstrating our overall commitment to the belief that responsibility is everybody's business.In this section you will find information about our strategy and approach, navigating the links above will give you more concrete information on our Corporate Responsibility activities. Vision Nokia‘s vision is a world where everyone is connected. With mobile subscriptions about to reach four billion, we are closer to our vision than anyone could have imagined just a few years ago. Our business benefits people, communities and the environment in new and exciting ways. As our business expands, so do our responsibilities. This sense of corporate responsibility (CR) is a fundamental part of who we are.Considering the wider impact of our actions is embedded in the Nokia Values, which guide our behavior, and in the Nokia Code of Cond uct, which gives guidance to our everyday work. Global challenges such as climate change and poverty concern us all. As a business that affects the lives of billions around the world, Nokia is in a key position to offer solutions to these challenges. Engaging you: For us, ‘engaging you’ incorporates the ‘customer satisfaction’ value and deals with engaging all our stakeholders, including employees, in what Nokia stands for in the world.Achieving together: ‘Achieving together’ is more than collaboration and partnership. As well as trust, it involves sharing, having the right mind-set and working in formal and informal networks. Passion for innovation: ‘Passion for innovation’ is based on a desire we have to live our dreams, to find courage and make the leap into the future through innovation in technology, ways of working and through understanding the world around us. Very human: Being ‘very human’ encompasses what we o ffer customers, how we do business and the impact of our actions and behavior on people and the environment.It is about being very human in the world – making things simple, respecting and caring. In short, our desire is to be a very human company. For more information on the Nokia Way and Nokia Values, go to Nokia as an employer within careers. 1. 3. SAMSUNG – PROFILE OF THE ORGANIZATION In 1938 the Samsung’s fonder byung –chull lee ser up a trade export company in Korea, selling fish vegetables and fruit to china . within a decade Samsung had flour mills and confectionary machines and become a co-operation in 1951. Humble beginnings.From 1958onwards Samsung began to expand into other industries such as financial, media, chemical and ship building throughout the 1970’s . in 1969, Samsung electronics was established producing what Samsung is most famous for television, mobile phones (througout90’s), radios, computer components and other elec tronics devices. 1987 founder and chairman, byung-chull lee passed away and kun-hee lee took over as chairman. In the1990’s Samsung began to expand globally building factories in the us, Britain, Germany Thailand Mexico Spain and china until 1997In 1997 nearly all Korean business shrunk in size and Samsung was no exception. They sold business to relieve debt and cut employees down lowering personnel by 50,000. But thanks to the electronic industry they manage to curb this and continue to grow. The history of Samsung and mobile phones stretches back to over 10 years . in 1993 Samsung developed the lightest mobile phone of its era the SCH 800 and it was available on CDMA networks. Then they developed smart phone and a phone combined mp3 player towards the end of the 20th century . to this date Samsung are dedicated to the 3g industry . aking video, camera phones at a speed to keep up with consumer demand . Samsung has made steady growth in the mobile industry and are currently second but competitor Nokia is ahead with more than 100%increase in shares. VISION OF THE COMPANY Leading the digital convergence revolution â€Å"GROWING TO BE THE BEST† As a part of vision Samsung has mapped out a specific plan of reaching $400 billion in revenue & becoming one of the world’s top 5 brands by 2020 MISSION OF THE COMPANY â€Å"DIGITAL –E COMPANY† excited about future to serve better services to the people in the market of telecommunications THE SAMSUNG PHILOSOPHYAt Samsung we follow a simple business philosophy to devote our talent and technology to creating superior products and services that contribute to a better global society. Every day people bring this philosophy to life . Samsung leaders search for the brightest talent from around the world, and give them the resources they need to be the best at what they do . The result is that all of their products from memory chips that help business store vital knowledge to mobile phones that connect people across continents have the power to enrich lives and that’s what making a better global society is all about. VALUESSamsung believe that by living by strong values is the key to business. At Samsung a rigorous code of conduct and these core values are at the heart of every decision they make . PEOPLE Quite simply, a company its people. At Samsung, we are dedicated to giving our people a wealth of opportunities to reach their full potential EXCELLENCE Everything we do at Samsung is driven by an unyielding passion for excellence and an unfaltering commitment to develop the best products and services on the market. CHANGE In today’s fast paced global economy, change is constant and innovation is critical to a company’s survival.As we have done for 70 years, we set our sights on the future ,anticipating market needs and demands so we can steer our company towards long term success . INTIGRITY Operating in an ethical way is the foundations of our busi ness . everything we do is guided by a moral compass that ensures fairness respect for all stakeholders and complete transparency. CO-PROSPERITY A business cannot be successful unless it creates prosperity and opportunity for others . Samsung is dedicated to being a socially and environmentally responsible corporate citizen in every community where we operate around the globe. PRINCIPLES OF THE COMPANY We comply with laws and ethical standards. * We respect customers, shareholders and employees. * We are socially responsible corporate citizen. * We care for the environment health and safety. * We maintain a clean environmental culture. MARKETING STRATEGY OF SAMSUNG * Aggressively hawking flips tops and clamshells with polyphonic ring tones and color screen. * Nationwide distributer and retail presence in the consumer durable market. * Samsung has been associated with the Lakme India fashion week for its mobile phones the company used the LIFW 2005 as a platform to launch D-500,world ’s best mobile phone in the Indian market. Set up a hand set manufacturing facility in India CHAPTER-2 2. 1. REVIEW OF LITREATURE A review of literature helps the researcher to have knowledge about the related study done by others; the following research studies were observed. John Ribeiro, IDG News Service (Apr 27, 2012) Samsung beat Nokia to the top position in the global handset market in the first quarter of 2012, research firms Strategy Analytics and IHS iSuppli said Friday. The research firms however disagreed on Samsung's Smartphone shipments in the first quarter wit iSuppli giving Apple the top position in smart phones, while Strategy Analytics called in favor of Samsung.The Korean company shipped 93. 5 million handsets in the first quarter, up from 69 million units a year earlier, for a 25 percent share of the market, even as global handset shipments grew a little over 3 percent annually to reach 368 million units in the quarter, Strategy Analytics said. How Samsung moved Nokia’s Cheese (Business Today dated May 2012): A comparative study shows How Samsung as a brand in the era of smart phones over took the business of Nokia in India. Nokia's competing smart phones were almost no match for Samsung's.It was not until February 2011 that a Finnish answer to the Galaxy came about in the form of the Lumia phone out of the Nokia-Microsoft tie-up in February 2011. The Lumia series received rave reviews internationally but sells just two phones in India – one at Rs 25,000 and a cheaper one at more than Rs 15,000. The devices are way too expensive going by prices Indians are used to, says Anshul Gupta, analyst at research firm Gartner. Why Nokia lost its market leadership in Indian market: A detailed study was carried out on how and where Nokia had lost its market leadership to competition. â€Å"A new OS is like a new religion,† D.Shivakumar, Nokia's Senior Vice President of sales for India, Middle East and Africa, indicating the m arket takes time to accept a completely new product line. He points to the 13 awards the yet-to-be-launched Lumia 900 won at this January's Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas as an instance of its ability to wow customers. How Nokia is among the top five Most Trusted Brands despite shaken reputation (The Economic Times November 2012): This study reveals How Nokia as India’s leading mobile phone for a large part of its existence was building not just its brand but a new category via its early ad campaigns and commercials.According to Nikunj Daga The findings advised that consumers preferred Nokia over all other brands due to features of the phone. Features such as user friendliness, rough and tough body, long life etc were believed to be the reasons of success. Though the marketing strategies have been aggressive, they were not the reasons for high market share of the company. James Crawshaw, European telecom and technology analyst at S;P Capital IQ, is unequivocal about w here Samsung is getting it right and Nokia wrong. Nokia's success [lies] not in increasing market share but in increasing its smart phones portfolio,† he says in a phone interview. Nokia's profits, he insists, need to come from high-end phones like that of Samsung's Android phones. Ratings firm Standard & Poor's downgraded Nokia below investment grade in April. 2. 2. SIGNFICANCE OF THE STUDY The present study is quite significant because it discusses values cultures vision, mission and strategies of two companies . Nokia and Samsung to make comparative analysis between these two companies it identifies the current ositions of the company . The report finds that high quality and advanced technologies are important factor for Nokia’s success moreover they are concentrating on ne area that is telecommunication while Samsung is indulging in many areas Moreover the other finding is that Nokia’s financial position is surpassing its competitors in the telecommunications report concludes that Nokia has established its leadership in telecom companies Samsung is gaining its area in style point of view or advanced features in their products. 2. 3. MANAGERIAL USEFULLNESS OF THE STUDYManagerial usefulness of the study is to analyze the comparative study between Nokia and Samsung. compare between there market strategies and to know about there vision mission and there future plans the respondents were discussing the questions prior to reply thus there could be biasness different promotional schemes were not known by the respondents. The customer analysis of this coursework highlighted that the upper segment of the population are the major consumers of mobile phones extensive research was conducted into strategies being implemented for the rural market . he prominent brands in Indian cellular phones are Nokia and the Samsung . Nokia has the single largest market share in India of 60%and the we have noticed that Nokia is the only competitor of Samsung but Nokia’s major competitor is Sony Ericson since these are very prominent players in the market 2. 4. COMPARATIVE FEATURES OF THE STUDY Comparing Nokia mobile phones Vs Samsung mobile phones, one can clearly see that both the companies are working hard to give users handsets which will make them more interacting. PRLog (Press Release) – Aug. , 2009 – High tech Nokia mobile phones have created a wave in mobile phone market through out UK. Many companies are launching mobile phones ranging from basic to high end segment with cutting edge technology to grab a respectable place in market. Nokia and Samsung are among those companies which have given some awesome handsets to users. Their mobile phones are not only reliable in terms of durability but also enable users to do different things with them. BY comparing mobile phones of both the companies we can know what users can get by buying their products . Design and CameraStyle is what matters to users hence, both the c ompanies invest ample time in designing of mobile phones before launching them. Samsung mobile phones are little bit advanced than Nokia mobile phones in terms of camera quality as company has already come up with a 12 mega pixel camera in Samsung M8910 pixon 12 while Nokia has provided its highest 8 mega pixel camera in Nokia N86. Though Nokia mobile phones are fabricated with world famous Carl Zeiss lenses which are absent in Samsung. Screen Both Nokia and Samsung mobile phones have one of the best quality screens supported with high resolution to give users best viewing experience.The Nokia N97( http://www. 3contractmobilephones. co. uk/nokia_mobile_phone†¦ ) has 3. 5 inches wide screen with resolution of 360 x 640 pixels and 16 million colours. The same specification can be found in Samsung B7610. Being the basic feature, both the companies try to provide best available display screen depending on range of the mobile phone. Data With the advent of 3G, Nokia mobile phones an d Samsung mobile phones have tried to integrate this feature in their handsets. With 3G one can connect to high speed mobile broadband to explore. 2. 4.OJECTIVES OF THE STUDY * To know about the cellular industries. * To help consumers to know about the companies their products and the future over comings * To know about the brand Nokia and the Samsung their products, market strategies, values mission adopted in the cellular companies. * To know consumer behavior towards Nokia and Samsung. 2. 5. SCOPE OF THE STUDY As learning is the human activity and is as natural ,as breathing despite of the fact the learning is all pervasive in our lives, psychologists do not agree on how learning takes place . ow individuals learn s a matter of interest to marketers they want to teach consumers in their roles as their roles as consumers. They want consumers to learn about their products product attributes, potential consumers benefit, how to use, maintain or even dispose of the product and the n ew ways of behaving that will satisfy not only the consumer needs, but the marketer’s objectives. The scope our study restricts itself to the analysis of CONSUMER BEHAVIOR, perception of Nokia and Samsung. 2. 6. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY * The findings of the study will be based on opinion of the respondents, which may be based. The study is confined to Coimbatore youth population * Lack of time and finance may prevent from carrying out in depth study. CHAPTER-3 RESEARCH METHDOLOG Research comprise defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating Hypothesis. In short, the search for Knowledge through Objective and Systematic method of finding solutions to a problem is Research. Research DesignType of Research: – Descriptive research Descriptive research includes Surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening. Data Source: * There are two types of data. Primary Data: * The data was mainly obtained from the people feedback on the questionnaire which was distributed by the group members at various places Secondary Data: * The secondary data was obtained from various journals, internet, magazines etc.Research Instruments Selected instrument for Data Collection for Survey is Questionnaire. Sample Design Who is to be surveyed? The marketing researcher must define the target population that will be sampled. The sample Unit taken by me; General public of youth population, different gender and different professions. Extent:- Where the survey should be carried out? I have covered entire Coimbatore city for the survey Time Frame:- When the survey should be conducted? I conducted my survey f or 1week Sampling Frame:- The source from which the sample is drawn Sampling Technique: –How should the respondent be chosen? In the Project sampling is done on basis of Probability sampling. Among the probability sampling design the sampling design chosen is stratified random sampling. Because in this survey I had stratified the sample in different gender and different profession Sample Size/ Population Size: – How many people should be surveyed? My sample size is 55 Tools of analysis:- Simple percentage analysis and weighted average are used for the study. bar chart were also used to this study. Based on these results, conclusions were drawn and suggestions were given. 1.Simple percentage analysis:- This method is based on the opinion of respondents percentage is been calculated for respective scale of each other factor Simple percentage is calculated by using the following formula Simple percentage = [Total respondents/Total number of respondents]*100. 2. Weighted a verage method:- In weighed average method the mean in which each item being averaged is multiplied by a number (weight)the result is summed and the total is divided by the sum of weights. Weighted averages are used expensively in descriptive statistical analysis such as index number.It may also called as weighed mean. Weighed average = [N1*A1+N2*A2+N3*A3†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦+Nn*An] —————————————————- [N1+N2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Nn] Weighed average =wx/n . CHAPTER-4 DATA ANALYSIS Table -4. 1 1. The below table shows Brands which are used by the respondents. CRITERIA | NO. OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE | NOKIA| 19| 35 %| SAMSUNG | 22| 40 %| SONY| 3| 5 %| BLACKBERRY | 3| 5 %| MICROMAX| 5| 10 %| OTHERS| 3| 5 %| TOTAL| 55| 100%| INTERPRETATION:From the above table, out of 55 respondents 35% of respondents were using Nokia, 40% of Responde nts using Blackberry, 10% of respondents were using Micromax and 5% of respondents were respondents using Blackberry, 10% of respondent were using Micromax and 5% of respondents were dents were using Samsung, 5 % of respondents were using Sony, 5% of respondents were using Blackberry, 10% of respondent were using Micromax and 5% of respondents were using others. Chart -4. 1 1. The below chart shows brands which are used by the respondents . Table-4. 2 2. The below table shows percentage of people who would like to buy a good brand mobile?PARTICULAR| NO. OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE | NOKIA| 10| 18%| SAMSUNG| 14| 25%| SONY| 1| 2%| BLACKBERRY| 4| 7%| APPLE| 24| 44%| HTC| 1| 2%| OTHERS| 1| 2%| TOTAL| 55| 100| INTERPRETATION: From the above table out of 55 respondents, 18% of respondents are prefer to buy Nokia, 25% of respondents are prefer to buy Samsung, 2% of respondents are prefer to buy Sony,7% of respondents are prefer to buy Blackberry,44% of respondents are prefer to buy Apple , 2% of respondents are prefer to buy HTC, and 2% of respondents are prefer to buy Chart -4. 2 2. The below chart shows percentage of people who would like to buy a good brand mobile?Table -4. 3 3. The below table shows brands which have the best battery backup. PARTICULAR| NO. OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE | NOKIA| 25| 45%| SAMSUNG | 15| 27%| SONY| 3| 5%| BLACKBERRY | 2| 4%| MICROMAX| 1| 2%| OTHERS| 8| 15%| TOTAL| 55| 100%| INTERPRETATION: From the above table, out of 55 respondents 45% of respondents are mention that Nokia have the best battery back up,27%of respondents are mention the Samsung ,5% of respondents are mention the Sony ,4% of respondents are mention the Black berry ,2% of respondents are mention the Micromax,15% of respondents are mention the others.Chart -3 3. The below chart shows brands which have the best battery backup. Table -4. 4 4. The below table depicts the features that best suits a brand Criteria | Nokia | Percentage | Samsung | Percentage | Others | Percentag e | Total | Reliability | 29| 53%| 20| 36%| 6| 11%| 100%| Android | 12| 22%| 35| 64%| 8| 14%| 100%| Music | 26| 47%| 22| 40%| 7| 13%| 100%| Camera picture clarity (megapixel)| 21| 38%| 23| 42%| 11| 20%| 100%| Social networking | 28| 50%| 22| 40%| 5| 10%| 100%| Touch screen | 16| 29%| 31| 56%| 8| 15%| 100%|Economically price tag | 22| 40%| 20| 36%| 13| 24%| 100%| INTERPRETATION: * From the above table out of 55 respondents, most of the respondents prefer Nokia as reliable. 36% of respondents are prefer Samsung and 11%of respondents are prefer others. * In the above table 64% of respondents are prefer android facility in Samsung ,22% of respondents are prefer Nokia and 14% of respondents are prefer others. * In the above table 47% of respondents are prefer music in Nokia ,40% , of respondents are prefer Samsung and 13% of respondents are prefer others. In the above table 42% of respondents are prefer Samsung in the category of camera picture clarity,38% of respondents are prefer Nokia ,and 20 % of respondents are prefer others. * In the above table 50% of respondents are prefer Nokia in the criteria of social networking ,40% of respondents are prefer Samsung, and 10% of respondents are prefer others. * In the above table 56% of respondents are prefer Samsung in the criteria of touch screen , 29% of respondents are prefer Nokia, and 15% of respondents are prefer others. In the above table 40% of respondents are prefer Nokia in the criteria of economically price tag,36% of respondents prefer Samsung and 24% of respondents are prefer others. Chart -4. 4 4. The below table depicts the features that best suits a brand Table -4. 5 5. The below table shows criteria on which Nokia is rated. Criteria | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Total | Weighed average | Rank | Maintenance | 20| 36| 27| 20| 15| 118| 2. 14| 3| Durability | 40| 14| 9| 8| 15| 86| 1. 56| 1| Style/design | 5| 20| 6| 120| 40| 191| 3. 47| 6| Colour | 1| 8| 30| 100| 75| 214| 3. 89| 8|Size | 2| 6| 75| 60| 50| 193| 3. 50| 7| Price | 2| 70| 30| 20| 15| 142| 2. 58| 4| Availability | 32| 16| 30| 12| 10| 100| 1. 81| 2| Light weight | 5| 6| 12| 60| 140| 223| 4. 05| 9| Comfort | 15| 24| 18| 10| 10| 179| 3. 25| 5| INTERPRETATION: From the above table Nokia occupies first place in durability, second place in availability, third place in maintenance, fourth place in price, fifth place in comfort, sixth place in style and design, seventh place in size, eight place in colour and finally nineth place in light weight. It shows the rank of Nokia phones.Table -4. 6 6. The table below shows criteria on which Sony Ericson is rated. Criteria | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Total | Weighed average | Rank | Maintenance | 5| 6| 30| 80| 85| 206| 3. 74| 5| Durability | 3| 4| 18| 76| 125| 226| 4. 10| 8| Style/design | 35| 20| 15| 12| 10| 92| 1. 67| 1| Colour | 30| 30| 6| 12| 25| 103| 1. 87| 2| Size | 18| 30| 36| 40| 50| 174| 3. 16| 3| Price | 2| 6| 30| 100| 75| 213| 3. 87| 6| Availability | 4| 10| 66| 56| 50| 186| 3. 38| 4| Light weight | 5| 6| 12| 60| 140| 223| 4. 05| 7| Comfort | 3| 4| 75| 160| 50| 292| 5. 30| 9| INTERPRETATION:From the above table SONY ERICSON occupies first place in style and design , second place in colour, third place in size, fourth place in price, fifth place in maintenance, sixth place in price, seventh place in light weight, eighth place in durability and finally ninth place in comfort. It shows the rank of SONY ERICSON phones. Table 4. 7 7. The table below shows criteria on which Micromax is rated. Criteria | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Total | Weighed average | Rank | Maintenance | 6| 10| 54| 40| 80| 190| 3. 45| 4| Durability | 4| 14| 48| 80| 40| 186| 3. 38| 3| Style/design | 2| 6| 30| 32| 160| 230| 4. 8| 8| Colour | 5| 6| 6| 60| 150| 227| 4. 12| 6| Size | 2| 6| 18| 36| 175| 237| 4. 30| 9| Price | 38| 18| 9| 8| 15| 88| 1. 60| 1| Availability | 3| 4| 18| 76| 125| 226| 4. 10| 5| Light weight | 35| 20| 15| 12| 10| 92| 1. 67| 2| Comfort | 1| 8| 30| 48| 140| 227| 4. 12| 6| INTERPRETATION: From the above tabl e MICROMAX occupies first place in price, second place in light weight, third place in durability, fourth place in maintenance, fifth place in availability , sixth place in comfort and colour, eighth place in style and design and finally ninth place in comfort.It shows the rank of MICROMAX phones. Table -4. 8 8. The table below shows criteria on which Black berry is rated. Criteria | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Total | Weighed average | Rank | Maintenance | 18| 40| 27| 20| 15| 120| 2. 18| 3| Durability | 10| 35| 5| 3| 2| 117| 2. 12| 2| Style/design | 12| 20| 84| 16| 5| 137| 2. 49| 6| Colour | 9| 26| 75| 20| 15| 145| 2. 63| 8| Size | 5| 64| 39| 12| 10| 130| 2. 36| 4| Price | 5| 6| 12| 60| 140| 223| 4. 05| 9| Availability | 18| 24| 45| 24| 20| 131| 2. 38| 5| Light weight | 8| 46| 45| 20| 20| 139| 2. 52| 7| Comfort | 39| 16| 9| 8| 15| 87| 1. 58| 1| INTERPRETATION:From the above table BLACKBERRY occupies first place in comfort, second place in durability, third place in maintenance, fourth place in size, fifth place in availability, sixth place in style and design, seventh place in light weight, eighth place in colour and finally ninth place in price. It shows the rank of BLACKBERRY phones. Table -4. 9 9. The table below shows criteria on which Samsung is rated. Criteria | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| Total | Weighed average | Rank | Maintenance | 2| 12| 30| 84| 80| 206| 3. 78| 8| Durability | 7| 50| 54| 12| 10| 133| 2. 41| 2| Style/design | 3| 10| 105| 40| 10| 168| 3. 5| 4| Colour | 15| 56| 18| 16| 15| 120| 2. 18| 1| Size | 2| 16| 96| 40| 15| 169| 3. 07| 5| Price | 4| 16| 90| 36| 20| 166| 3. 01| 3| Availability | 2| 10| 33| 132| 20| 197| 3. 58| 6| Light weight | 3| 10| 18| 124| 50| 205| 3. 72| 7| Comfort | 1| 8| 30| 100| 75| 214| 3. 89| 9| INTERPRETATION: From the above table SAMSUNG occupies first place in colour, second place in durability, third place in price, fourth place in style and design, fifth place in size sixth place in availability , seventh place in light weight, eighth place in maintenance and finally ninth place in comfort.It shows the rank of SAMSUNG phones. Table4. 10 10. The below table shows Satisfaction level of service provided by Nokia service centre. S. NO| CRITERIA | NO. OF RESPONDENTS| PERCENTAGE| 1| High satisfied| 19| 35%| 2| Satisfied| 26| 47%| 3| . Not satisfied| 10| 18%| INTERPRETATION: From the above table, out of 55 respondents 35% of respondents are found to be highly satisfied that the gaining satisfaction from service centre. 47% of respondents are found it to be satisfied, 18% of respondents are found to be not satisfied.Chart-4. 10 10. The below chart shows Satisfaction level of service provided by Nokia service centre. Table 4. 11 11. The below table depicts the features that best suits a brand Criteria| Nokia | Percentage | Samsung | Percentage | Others | Percentage | Total | Built in memory | 31| 56%| 17| 31%| 7| 13%| 100%| Software compatibility| 20| 36%| 31| 56%| 4| 7%| 100%| Audio output | 23| 42%| 21| 38%| 11| 20%| 100% | Appearances | 20| 36%| 28| 51%| 7| 13%| 100%| Accessories | 24| 44%| 21| 38%| 10| 18%| 100%| INTERPRETATION: From the above table out of 55 respondents, 56% of respondents are majorly prefer Nokia has built in memory. 31% of respondents are prefer Samsung and 13%of respondents are prefer others. * From the above table out of 55 respondents, 56% of respondents are majorly preferred Samsung has software compatibility, 36% of respondents are prefer Nokia and 7% of respondents are prefer others. * From the above table out of 55 respondents 42% of respondents are majorly preferred Nokia has audio output , 38% of respondents are prefer Samsung and 20% of respondents are prefer others. From the above table out of 55 respondents, 51% of respondents are majorly preferred Samsung in the category of Appearances, 36% of respondents are prefer Nokia, and 13 % of respondents are prefer others. * From the above table out 55 respondents 44% of respondents are majorly preferred Nokia in the criteria of Accessories, 38% of respondents are preferring Samsung, and 18% of respondents are prefer others. Chart -4. 11 11. The below chart depicts the features that best suits a brand Table 4. 12 12. The table below shows the brands which have the better brand image.Particulars | No of respondents| Percentage | Nokia | 21| 38%| Samsung | 18| 33%| Others | 16| 29%| INTERPRETATION: From the above table, out of 55 respondents, 38% of respondents are preferred Nokia have the better brand image, 33% of respondents are prefer Samsung and 29% of respondents are prefer others. Chart 4-12 12. The table chart shows the brands which have the better brand image. Table -4. 13 13. The table below shows brands which have largest service network Particulars | No of respondents| Percentage | Nokia| 24| 44%| Samsung | 21| 38%|Others | 10| 18%| INTERPRETATION: From the above table out of 55 respondents, 44% of the respondents preferred Nokia have largest service network, 38% of the respondents are prefer Samsung and 18% of the respondents are prefer others. Chart -4. 13 13. The chart below shows brands which have largest service network. Table-4. 14 10. The below table shows satisfaction level of service provided by Samsung service center. Particulars | No of respondents| Percentage | Highly satisfied | 21| 38%| Satisfied | 18| 33%| Not satisfied| 16| 29%| INTERPRETATION:From the above table, out of 55 respondents 44% of respondents are found to be highly satisfied that the gaining satisfaction from Samsung service centre. 38% of respondents are found it to be satisfied, 18% of respondents are found to be not satisfied. Chart -4. 14 10. The below chart shows satisfaction level of service provided by Samsung service center. Suggestions given by the people †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. During our survey we asked the people to give some suggestions to the compananies there is similar suggestion for both the companies given by 25 peoples that they should not increase their prices.And 1 suggestions g iven by only 1 person out of 55 that is cellular companies that there should be some function to indicate the person is driving this will not avoid accidents during driving. CHAPTER-5 FINDINGS * 40% respondents are using Samsung. * 44% of respondent are willing to buy apple phones. * 45% of respondents are choosing Nokia for the best battery back. * 53% of respondents prefer Nokia phones as reliable. 3 * 64% of respondents are choosing Samsung in the criteria of android facility. * 47% of respondents are selects Nokia hearing best music. 42% of respondents are choosing Nokia for the internet connection in social networking sites. * 56% of respondents choose Samsung for touch sensitivity. * 40% of respondents are choosing Nokia for the price tags. * 56% of respondents are choosing Nokia for the memory status56% of respondents chooses Samsung has best software compatibility. * 42% of respondents choosing Nokia for the best audio output. * 3. 37% of respondents are choosing Nokia for d urability as first place. * 1. 67% of respondents are choosing Sony Ericson for style and design as fist place. * 1. 0% of respondents are choosing Micromax in the criteria of price tag as first place. * 1. 58% of respondents are choosing Blackberry for comfort as first place. * 2. 18% of respondents are choosing Samsung for colour as first place. * 47% of respondents are satisfied by the Nokia service centre. * 51% of respondents are choosing Nokia for appearance as best. * 44% of respondents are choosing Nokia for the accessories as the best. * 38% respondents are prefer Nokia for the better brand image. * 44% of respondents are prefer Nokia have the largest service network. 38% of respondents are highly satisfied for the service provide by the Samsung service centre. RECOMMENDATION After analyzing all the data we have some recommendations such as:- Advertisements: – Nokia use advertisement mode of promotion after launching a new cell phone in the market. So people don†™t have much knowledge about their latest models. While Samsung have lots of ads in market before launching it EXAMPLE: – * Giving advertisement on television or cable * Giving print media add which explain all the features of cell phone SPECIAL SCHEMES: – Nokia always launch high range products.So to increase the sales it has to give advertisement or special discount or special schemes with every purchase of new cell phone. Samsung have color variety in their cell phones as Nokia don’t have this much. CONCLUSION Nokia and Samsung segment the market on a similar basis. However, they have different interpretations Nokia has saturated the urban market including the B and C class cities and is now targeting potentially untapped markets. Samsung on the other hand has chosen to focus its energies on the B and C class cities since which it had not ventured into so far.The prominent brands in the Indian cellular phone industry are Nokia, Sony Ericsson, apple, and Sam sung. Nokia has the single largest market share in India of 60%. We have analysed that Nokia is better than Samsung. Nokia and also on one of its major competitors; Samsung since these are very prominent players in the Indian market. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS * Kothari, C. R. (2007), Research Methodology Methods and Techniques, INTERNET: 1. www. wikipedia. com 2. www. projectsmonitor. com 3. http://www. nokia. com 4. www. samsung . com 5. www. businesstoday . com 6. www. economictimes . com